Mechanisms of synapse formation and axon termination in C. elegans

总结

Summary Deciphering how axons terminate growth and forms synapses is essential if we are to understand how a nervous system is built. Such knowledge could provide opportunities to treat neurodevelopmental disorders and will be needed if we are to harness the robust and resilient nature of the developing nervous system to design novel therapies for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern axon termination and synapse formation in vivo using the nematode C. elegans. The Pam/Highwire/RPM-1 (PHR) proteins are ubiquitin ligases and signaling hubs that are important conserved regulators of axon termination, synapse formation and axon degeneration. Emerging links between PHR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases (including AD) have further heightened interest in understanding PHR signaling networks. Here, we use the latest high-sensitivity mass spectrometry technology; rapid automated protein extraction and purification; and novel ubiquitination ‘traps’ to decipher the signaling network of the C. elegans PHR protein, RPM-1. This has revealed two putative RPM-1 ubiquitination substrates and provided numerous footholds for deciphering how RPM-1 is regulated. Our first aim focuses on an autophagy initiating kinase as a novel RPM-1 ubiquitination substrate. CRISPR/Cas9 editing and genetics test if RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase activity affects the stability and turnover of this kinase to influence axon and synapse development. We also evaluate how RPM-1 effects on this kinase affect autophagosome formation in neurons. Outcomes will provide insight into whether PHR proteins regulate autophagy, and address how autophagy is inhibited in the nervous system in vivo. Our interest in these questions is further fueled by the prominent role autophagy plays in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Our second aim will evaluate another novel RPM-1 ubiquitination substrate, a kinase with prominent roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and AD. We will determine how RPM-1 inhibits this kinase, and whether this affects axon termination and synapse formation. We also aim to address which downstream mechanisms this kinase utilizes to affect axon and synapse development. Despite the importance of this kinase in nervous system health and disease, how it is inhibited remains unknown in any organism. Finally, proteomics provided several entry points into understanding how RPM-1 might be regulated. In our third aim, we focus on three particularly compelling entry points. 1) The most prominent RPM-1 binding protein identified. 2) Components of an entire receptor signaling system identified as RPM-1 binding proteins. 3) Numerous residues in RPM-1 that are phosphorylated in vivo. We will evaluate how these mechanisms affect RPM-1 localization, and RPM-1 functions in axon and synapse development. Our interest in these questions is driven by a simple theme: How PHR proteins are regulated, in any system, remains dark biology.