Integrative, age-related changes in genome and epigenome in human lung in relation to smoking

摘要 衰老是许多与年龄相关的肺部疾病的主要危险因素，包括COPD和肺纤维化。它 已经推测，这种衰老与疾病的关系是由于多个基因、 随着时间的推移，在正常人类肺中发生的表观遗传和转录改变。反过来，这些与年龄相关的 变化受环境因素的影响，如吸烟。不幸的是，人们对此知之甚少。 人肺中与年龄相关的分子改变。在某种程度上，这是由于缺乏分析方法 人体组织的变化是随机发生的，即影响单个细胞或不同组织中的细胞群 方式。最好的例子是基因组不稳定，这是老龄化的标志之一。基因组不稳定性可以被定义为 随着遗传密码的变化，从大的染色体异常到较小的缺失、插入 以及拷贝数变异和碱基替换突变。基因组不稳定的根本原因是 细胞分裂、DNA复制或DNA损伤修复过程中的错误。这些变化是不可逆转的，而且 与DNA损伤形成鲜明对比，DNA损伤是可以修复的。DNA损伤涉及生理上的改变 DNA结构，例如，断裂、脱嘌呤、脱嘧啶、交联链、修饰碱基。不幸的是， 正常组织中的突变在不同的细胞之间是不同的，除了使用单个细胞外，非常难以研究 就像我们将在拟议的项目中所做的那样。然而，在衰老过程中，肺部会产生DNA损伤 也会引起DNA损伤反应，这可能会导致一致的多个表观遗传变化 从一个细胞到另一个细胞，并且可以在散装DNA中检测到。此外，与年龄相关的变化的随机模式是 可能发生在老化过程中，这种情况的检测需要单细胞方法。在此，我们建议 综合分析人肺支气管上皮细胞的随机和适应性变化 基因组、表观基因组和转录组。这个项目将整合这些基因组的全面光谱 以及与年龄和吸烟暴露有关的正常人支气管上皮的表观基因组变化。 这将为今后肺部疾病状态的比较提供参考数据，增进我们对 与年龄和吸烟有关的肺部疾病的机制，从而促进早期 检测、预防和治疗策略。

ABSTRACT Aging is the main risk factor for many age-related lung diseases, including COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. It has been speculated that this aging-disease relationship is due to the complex interaction of multiple genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations that occur in normal human lung over time. In turn, these age-related changes are impacted by environmental factors, such as cigarette smoking. Unfortunately, little is known about age-related molecular alterations in human lung. To some extent this is due to the lack of methods to analyze human tissues for changes occurring stochastically, i.e., affecting individual cells or groups of cells in different ways. The best example is genome instability, one of the hallmarks of aging. Genome instability can be defined as changes in the genetic code, varying from large chromosomal aberrations, to smaller deletions, insertions and copy number variation, and base substitution mutations. The underlying causes of genome instability are errors during cell division, DNA replication or DNA repair of DNA damage. Such changes are irreversible and are in striking contrast to DNA damage, which can be repaired. DNA damage involves physical alterations in DNA structure, e.g., breaks, depurination, depyrimidination, crosslinks, modified bases. Unfortunately, mutations in normal tissues are different from cell to cell and very difficult to study, except using single cell approaches as we will do in the proposed project. However, DNA damage induced in the lung during aging also evokes a DNA damage response, which can lead to multiple epigenetic alterations that are consistent from cell to cell and can be detected in bulk DNA. In addition, a stochastic pattern of age-related changes is likely to occur during aging, the detection of which requires a single cell approach. Here we propose to comprehensively analyze human lung bronchial epithelium for both stochastic and adaptive changes in the genome, epigenome and transcriptome. This project will integrate these comprehensive spectra of genomic and epigenomic change of normal human bronchial epithelium in relation to age and tobacco smoke exposure. This will provide reference data for future comparisons of lung disease states, enhance our understanding of age-and smoking-related mechanisms of lung disease, and thereby facilitate the development of early detection, prevention and therapeutic strategies.