A controlled evaluation of abstinence-induced withdrawal and motivation to vape/smoke among daily ENDS users vs. cigarette smokers

项目摘要/摘要 戒断是烟草/尼古丁依赖的一个关键的、多方面的组成部分。因为撤军 从理论上讲，症状会导致复发，戒断的各个方面(例如，渴望、负面情绪)是 大多数当前和新兴治疗方法的靶点。尽管撤军的核心重要性，以及 关于戒除可燃香烟的大量文献，我们对此知之甚少 退出电子尼古丁输送系统(完)。要克服关键障碍， 在这一领域的进展，我们提出了有史以来第一次节欲的前瞻性、受控比较- 尿布和吸烟者之间的诱导戒断。参与者将由160人组成 每日尿布(包括前吸烟者和偶尔吸烟的双重吸烟者)，160人 日常吸烟者(包括前尿布和偶尔吸食尿布的双重吸烟者)，以及(用于试探性吸烟者 相比之下)50人建立了日常双重吸烟者，他们每天吸烟和吸食电子烟。参赛者将完成 两次4小时的实验室探视；临时使用探视和禁欲探视的顺序(在24小时之后 禁欲)将在所有参与者中随机进行。为了增进对Ends撤资的了解，我们 将对关键的撤出方面进行最新的、多项措施、多方法的评估： 消极情绪、渴望、难以集中注意力、焦躁不安、睡眠和食欲，以及 快感缺乏/积极情感和躯体效应。我们假设，对于每一个方面，撤退 与吸烟者相比，尿布的程度会更低。为理论和干预提供信息 发展，我们还将评估END退出的行为意义，测试 假设禁欲会增加吸电子烟/吸烟的动机，这一组差异将 由吸烟者/吸烟者在一个或多个戒断方面的差异来解释(中介)。 探索性分析将检查是否考虑了退出的群体差异 (中介)通过不同的尼古丁暴露，探索个体差异的作用(例如，性别、 尼古丁新陈代谢、预期寿命)，并检查尿布亚组之间的差异。其影响 这一亟需的、详细的从Ends撤资的特征通过纳入 吸烟是一种具有重大公共卫生意义的比较器。此外，通过将 驱动吸电子烟/吸烟动机的具体戒断方面，拟议的工作将确定 为随后的治疗开发努力制定有前景的干预目标。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Withdrawal is a key, multi-faceted component of tobacco/nicotine dependence. Because withdrawal symptoms are theorized to drive relapse, facets of withdrawal (e.g., craving, negative affect) are the targets of most current and emerging treatments. Despite the central importance of withdrawal, and a voluminous literature on withdrawal from combustible cigarette smoking, we know little about withdrawal from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). To overcome critical barriers to progress in the field, we propose the first-ever prospective, controlled comparison of abstinence- induced withdrawal between ENDS vapers and cigarette smokers. Participants will be 160 established daily vapers (including former smokers and dual users who smoke occasionally), 160 established daily smokers (including former vapers and dual users who vape occasionally), and (for exploratory comparisons) 50 established daily dual users, who smoke and vape daily. Participants will complete two 4-hour lab visits; the order of the ad lib use visit and the abstinent visit (which follows 24 hours of abstinence) will be randomized across participants. To advance knowledge of ENDS withdrawal, we will employ state-of-the-science, multi-measure, multi-method assessments of key withdrawal facets: negative affect, craving, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, sleep, and appetite, as well as anhedonia/positive affect and somatic effects. We hypothesize that, for each facet, withdrawal magnitude will be lower among vapers compared to smokers. To inform theory and intervention development, we will also evaluate the behavioral significance of ENDS withdrawal, testing the hypotheses that abstinence will increase the motivation to vape/smoke and this group difference will be accounted for (mediated) by vaper/smoker differences in one or more withdrawal facets. Exploratory analyses will examine whether group differences in withdrawal are accounted for (mediate) by differential nicotine exposure, explore the role of individual differences (e.g., sex, rate of nicotine metabolism, expectancies), and examine differences among sub-groups of vapers. The impact of this much-needed, detailed characterization of withdrawal from ENDS is enhanced by the inclusion of a comparator of great public health significance, cigarette smoking. In addition, by characterizing the specific withdrawal facets that drive motivation to vape/smoke, the proposed work will identify promising intervention targets for subsequent treatment development efforts.