Sickness and Power: The Great North American Epizootic Flu of 1872

疾病与权力：1872 年北美动物流行流感

基本信息

批准号：
10441147
负责人：
Thomas G Andrews
金额：
$ 4.79万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2021-07-01 至 2024-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10441147
关键词：
AIDS/HIV problem Adopted American Animal Behavior Animals Antisepsis Archives Area Avian Influenza Behavior Books Boston Buffaloes Businesses COVID-19 COVID-19 outbreak Canada Case Study Cause of Death Central America Cessation of life Communicable Diseases Complex Cuba Disease Disease Outbreaks Domestic Fowls Donkeys Ebola Ecology Economics Ecosystem Environment Epidemiology Epistemology Equine mule Equus caballus Event Evolution Fire - disasters Flu virus Frequencies Future Geographic Information Systems Germ Goals Gossypium Government Growth HIV Health History of Medicine Human Indigenous Influenza Influenza A virus Information Technology Instruction Life Light Link Literature Livestock Medical Geography Medicine Methodology Mexico Modernization Movement Nature North America Northern America Organism Panic Paralysed Pathogenicity Pattern Periodicals Persons Physicians Play Pneumonia Population Population Density Publications Publishing Recording of previous events Records Reporting Research Research Support Role Rural Scientist Shapes Social Behavior Societies Source Speed Steam System Testing Therapeutic Time Training Transportation Vaccination Viral Virulence Virulent Virus Visualization War Work ZIKA Zoonoses antimicrobial diaries epidemiology study epizootic falls flu government documents influenza outbreak insight metropolitan microorganism newspaper article novel pandemic disease pandemic influenza pathogen seasonal influenza social theories tool transmission process virology

项目摘要

Project Summary The recent outbreak of COVID-19 and the upswing in seasonal influenza this winter offer pressing reminders of the enduring, even intensifying dangers that emergent zoonotic diseases— disorders caused by pathogens that jump across species divides—pose to human health. Historians of medicine and other scholars have long recognized the power of such diseases to shape human history. Yet few works in epidemiological history have attended to the complicated relationships that continue to link pathogens, humans, other-than-human animals, and the natural and built ecosystems that connect the lives—and, often, the deaths—of these disparate organisms. This proposal seeks to remedy this gap by supporting the completion of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and scholarly book examining the Great Epizootic Influenza of 1872. This little-known disease event began in Toronto’s market-farming hinterland, where the continuous exchange of pathogens between humans, horses, other farm animals, and wild waterfowl set the stage for the evolution of a new and unprecedentedly virulent form of influenza A virus. Within weeks, swarms of the new virus had engulfed metropolitan Toronto. It took just another month for the disease to spread throughout southeastern Canada and the northeastern U.S. By summer 1873, flu had sickened well over 90% of the horses, mules, and asses in the U.S., Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Indigenous Nations of the West, and parts of Central America. As it achieved continental proportions, the Great Epizootic prompted economic paralysis, debate about the malady’s nature and treatment, and more than a little soul-searching over human use and misuse of “the noble horse.” Although the disease seemed to dissipate in fall 1873, recent scientific studies strongly suggest that the new flu type responsible for the Great Epizootic lived on and continued to adapt. Descendants of this viral type went on to develop the ability to infect human populations, too, most notably in the Great Pandemic of 1918-’20, a worldwide influenza outbreak that killed at least 50 million people. This proposal supports research in historical documents, the integration of evidence from these primary sources into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and the completion of a scholarly book that casts the Great Epizootic Flu as an unheralded but momentous event in disease history. Employing methodologies and findings from virology, evolutionary ecology, animal behavior, environmental history, and other fields, and adopting a transnational perspective that tracks this outbreak across regional, national, and tribal boundaries, this book offers fresh insights into the past, present, and future of influenza and the many other infectious diseases that don novel configurations—and hence new powers to endanger human and animal health alike—by passing from species to species.

项目摘要 Covid-19的最近爆发以及今年冬天的季节性影响力的增长迫使人们想起持久的，甚至加剧了危险，即新兴的人畜共患病 - 病原体引起的疾病会跳过物种分裂 - 占人类健康。历史学家医学和其他学者长期以来已经认识到这种疾病的力量塑造人类历史。然而，流行病学史上很少有工作能够达到复杂的关系继续连接病原体，人类，其他人类动物以及自然和建筑生态系统将这些不同生物的生命（通常是死亡）联系起来。该提议试图通过支持完成地理信息系统（GIS）和学术书籍研究了1872年的巨大epizootic流感。这一鲜为人知的疾病事件从多伦多的市场农场腹地开始，那里的病原体不断交流人类，马，其他农场动物和野生禽为新的和史无前例的病毒形式的病毒。几周之内，新病毒的群多伦多大都市吞没。该疾病只花了一个月的时间传播加拿大东南部和美国东北部到1873年夏季，流感已经使超过90％以上的流感病了美国，加拿大，古巴，墨西哥的马，mu子和驴子，西部和中美洲的部分地区。由于它达到了大陆的比例，伟大的epizootic 促使经济瘫痪，辩论有关疾病的性质和待遇，而不是一点点对人类使用和滥用“贵族马”的搜索。虽然这种疾病似乎 1873年秋季消散，最近的科学研究强烈表明，新的流感类型伟大的epizootic一直生活并继续适应。这种病毒类型的后代继续发展也感染人口的能力，最著名的是1918-20的大流行全球影响力的爆发炸死至少5000万人。该建议支持研究历史文件，这些主要来源的证据整合到地理上信息系统（GIS）以及一本科学书籍的完成作为疾病史上未征服但重大的事件。采用方法和发现从病毒学，进化生态学，动物行为，环境史和其他领域，以及采用跨国观点，跟踪在地区，国家和部落中的这一爆发边界，这本书为影响力的过去，现在和未来提供了新的见解其他新型配置的传染病，因此危及人类的新力量以及动物健康，都通过物种传播到物种。