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Sickness and Power: The Great North American Epizootic Flu of 1872

疾病与权力：1872 年北美动物流行流感

基本信息

批准号：
10631956
负责人：
Thomas G Andrews
金额：
$ 4.71万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2021
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2021-07-01 至 2024-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10631956
关键词：
1918 influenza pandemic Adopted American Americas Animal Behavior Animals Antisepsis Area Avian Influenza Behavior Books Boston Businesses COVID-19 COVID-19 outbreak Canada Case Study Cause of Death Central America Cessation of life Communicable Diseases Complex Cuba Disease Disease Outbreaks Disparate Domestic Fowls Donkeys Ebola Ecology Economics Ecosystem Environment Epidemiology Epistemology Equine mule Equus caballus Event Evolution Farm Fire - disasters Flu virus Frequencies Future Geographic Information Systems Germ Goals Gossypium Government Growth HIV HIV/AIDS Health History of Medicine Human Indigenous Influenza Influenza A virus Information Technology Life Light Link Literature Livestock Marketing Medical Geography Medicine Methodology Mexico Modernization Movement Nature North America Organism Panic Paralysed Pathogenicity Pattern Periodicals Persons Physicians Play Pneumonia Population Population Density Publications Publishing Recording of previous events Records Reporting Research Research Support Role Rural Scientist Shapes Social Behavior Societies Source Speed Steam System Testing Therapeutic Time Training Transportation Tribes Vaccination Viral Virulence Virulent Virus Visualization War Work ZIKA Zoonoses antimicrobial diaries epidemiology study epizootic falls flu government documents influenza outbreak insight metropolitan microorganism newspaper article novel pandemic disease pathogen seasonal influenza social spatial epidemiology theories tool transmission process virology

项目摘要

Project Summary The recent outbreak of COVID-19 and the upswing in seasonal influenza this winter offer pressing reminders of the enduring, even intensifying dangers that emergent zoonotic diseases— disorders caused by pathogens that jump across species divides—pose to human health. Historians of medicine and other scholars have long recognized the power of such diseases to shape human history. Yet few works in epidemiological history have attended to the complicated relationships that continue to link pathogens, humans, other-than-human animals, and the natural and built ecosystems that connect the lives—and, often, the deaths—of these disparate organisms. This proposal seeks to remedy this gap by supporting the completion of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and scholarly book examining the Great Epizootic Influenza of 1872. This little-known disease event began in Toronto’s market-farming hinterland, where the continuous exchange of pathogens between humans, horses, other farm animals, and wild waterfowl set the stage for the evolution of a new and unprecedentedly virulent form of influenza A virus. Within weeks, swarms of the new virus had engulfed metropolitan Toronto. It took just another month for the disease to spread throughout southeastern Canada and the northeastern U.S. By summer 1873, flu had sickened well over 90% of the horses, mules, and asses in the U.S., Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Indigenous Nations of the West, and parts of Central America. As it achieved continental proportions, the Great Epizootic prompted economic paralysis, debate about the malady’s nature and treatment, and more than a little soul-searching over human use and misuse of “the noble horse.” Although the disease seemed to dissipate in fall 1873, recent scientific studies strongly suggest that the new flu type responsible for the Great Epizootic lived on and continued to adapt. Descendants of this viral type went on to develop the ability to infect human populations, too, most notably in the Great Pandemic of 1918-’20, a worldwide influenza outbreak that killed at least 50 million people. This proposal supports research in historical documents, the integration of evidence from these primary sources into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and the completion of a scholarly book that casts the Great Epizootic Flu as an unheralded but momentous event in disease history. Employing methodologies and findings from virology, evolutionary ecology, animal behavior, environmental history, and other fields, and adopting a transnational perspective that tracks this outbreak across regional, national, and tribal boundaries, this book offers fresh insights into the past, present, and future of influenza and the many other infectious diseases that don novel configurations—and hence new powers to endanger human and animal health alike—by passing from species to species.

项目概要最近爆发的 COVID-19 和今年冬季季节性流感的上升迫切提醒人们新出现的人畜共患疾病所带来的持久甚至加剧的危险—— 由跨越物种界限的病原体引起的疾病对人类健康造成影响。历史学家医学界和其他学者很早就认识到此类疾病对人类的影响力历史。然而，流行病学史上很少有著作关注这些复杂的关系。继续将病原体、人类、人类以外的动物以及自然和建筑生态系统联系起来它们将这些不同生物体的生命（通常还包括死亡）联系在一起。该提案旨在通过支持完成地理信息系统（GIS）来弥补这一差距探讨 1872 年动物流行性流感的学术书籍。这一鲜为人知的疾病事件始于多伦多的市场农业腹地，那里的病原体不断交换人类、马、其他农场动物和野生水禽为新的进化奠定了基础甲型流感病毒的毒性前所未有。几周之内，新病毒群就出现了。吞没了多伦多大都市。又过了一个月，疾病就在全国蔓延加拿大东南部和美国东北部到 1873 年夏天，流感已导致 90% 以上的人患病美国、加拿大、古巴、墨西哥和土著民族的马、骡子和驴西部和中美洲部分地区。当它达到大陆规模时，大流行病引发了经济瘫痪、关于疾病的性质和治疗的争论，等等对人类对“高贵的马”的使用和滥用进行反思。虽然这种病看起来 1873 年秋天消散，最近的科学研究强烈表明，新型流感是导致流感的原因动物流行病继续存在并继续适应。这种病毒类型的后代继续发展也有感染人类的能力，最明显的是 1918 年至 20 年的大流行病，全球流感爆发导致至少 5000 万人死亡。该提案支持以下方面的研究历史文献，将这些主要来源的证据整合到地理文献中信息系统 (GIS)，并完成了一本描述动物流行性流感的学术书籍作为疾病史上一个默默无闻但意义重大的事件。采用方法和发现来自病毒学、进化生态学、动物行为、环境史等领域，以及采用跨国视角来追踪跨区域、国家和部落的疫情爆发边界，这本书对流感的过去、现在和未来以及许多其他具有新颖结构的传染病，因此具有危害人类的新能力以及动物健康——通过从一个物种传递到另一个物种。