Sickness and Power: The Great North American Epizootic Flu of 1872

项目摘要 最近新冠肺炎的爆发和今年冬天季节性流感的抬头提供 紧迫地提醒人们，新出现的人畜共患疾病是持久的，甚至是不断加剧的危险- 跨物种跳跃的病原体引起的疾病对人类健康构成威胁。历史学家 医学和其他学者很早就认识到这种疾病塑造人类的力量 历史。然而，流行病学史上很少有著作关注到这种复杂的关系 继续将病原体、人类、非人类动物以及自然和建造的生态系统联系起来 它们将这些完全不同的有机体的生命联系在一起--而且往往是死亡。这项建议旨在 通过支持完成地理信息系统(地理信息系统)和 一本考察1872年大流行性流感的学术书籍。这一鲜为人知的疾病事件 开始于多伦多的集市养殖腹地，在那里病原体不断地在 人类、马、其他农场动物和野生水禽为一种新的和 空前毒力的甲型流感病毒。在几周内，成群的新病毒 吞没了大都会多伦多。仅仅过了一个月，这种疾病就蔓延到了全国。 到1873年夏天，加拿大东南部和美国东北部的流感疫情已经远远超过90% 在美国，加拿大，古巴，墨西哥，土著民族的马，骡子和驴 西部和中美洲的部分地区。当它达到大陆的比例时，大流行性感冒 引发了经济瘫痪，关于这种疾病的性质和治疗的辩论，以及更多 反思人类对“高贵的马”的使用和滥用。尽管这种疾病似乎 1873年秋季消退，最近的科学研究强烈表明，新型流感对 大流行性感冒活了下来，并继续适应。这种病毒类型的后代继续发展 感染人类的能力也是如此，最引人注目的是在1918-20年的大流行中， 导致至少5000万人死亡的全球流感疫情。这项建议支持在 历史文献，将这些主要来源的证据整合到一个地理学中 信息系统(GIS)，以及一本关于大流行性感冒的学术书籍的完成 作为疾病历史上一件不为人知但意义重大的事件。采用方法和研究结果 来自病毒学、进化生态学、动物行为学、环境史等领域，以及 采用跨国视角，跨地区、跨国家和跨部落跟踪此次疫情 边界，这本书提供了新的见解过去，现在和未来的流感和许多 其他具有新构型的传染病--因此有新的能力危害人类 和动物健康一样--从一个物种传到另一个物种。

Project Summary The recent outbreak of COVID-19 and the upswing in seasonal influenza this winter offer pressing reminders of the enduring, even intensifying dangers that emergent zoonotic diseases— disorders caused by pathogens that jump across species divides—pose to human health. Historians of medicine and other scholars have long recognized the power of such diseases to shape human history. Yet few works in epidemiological history have attended to the complicated relationships that continue to link pathogens, humans, other-than-human animals, and the natural and built ecosystems that connect the lives—and, often, the deaths—of these disparate organisms. This proposal seeks to remedy this gap by supporting the completion of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and scholarly book examining the Great Epizootic Influenza of 1872. This little-known disease event began in Toronto’s market-farming hinterland, where the continuous exchange of pathogens between humans, horses, other farm animals, and wild waterfowl set the stage for the evolution of a new and unprecedentedly virulent form of influenza A virus. Within weeks, swarms of the new virus had engulfed metropolitan Toronto. It took just another month for the disease to spread throughout southeastern Canada and the northeastern U.S. By summer 1873, flu had sickened well over 90% of the horses, mules, and asses in the U.S., Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Indigenous Nations of the West, and parts of Central America. As it achieved continental proportions, the Great Epizootic prompted economic paralysis, debate about the malady’s nature and treatment, and more than a little soul-searching over human use and misuse of “the noble horse.” Although the disease seemed to dissipate in fall 1873, recent scientific studies strongly suggest that the new flu type responsible for the Great Epizootic lived on and continued to adapt. Descendants of this viral type went on to develop the ability to infect human populations, too, most notably in the Great Pandemic of 1918-’20, a worldwide influenza outbreak that killed at least 50 million people. This proposal supports research in historical documents, the integration of evidence from these primary sources into a Geographic Information System (GIS), and the completion of a scholarly book that casts the Great Epizootic Flu as an unheralded but momentous event in disease history. Employing methodologies and findings from virology, evolutionary ecology, animal behavior, environmental history, and other fields, and adopting a transnational perspective that tracks this outbreak across regional, national, and tribal boundaries, this book offers fresh insights into the past, present, and future of influenza and the many other infectious diseases that don novel configurations—and hence new powers to endanger human and animal health alike—by passing from species to species.