New tools to translate time across the lifespan in humans and model organisms

项目摘要/摘要 该项目的目标是在人类和模式生物中确定相应的出生后年龄。 这项工作是必要的，因为科学家经常使用小鼠等模型生物来了解基本的生物学 人类的过程和紊乱，但目前还没有资源使研究人员能够找到 在模型生物和人类的寿命中，相应的年龄。我们和其他人已经实施了 易于访问的网站，以查找18个哺乳动物物种的相同发育年龄 (http://www.translatingtime.net).)这一资源被许多研究模型生物的研究人员使用 (例如，老鼠)将他们的发现转化为人类，但它只在出生后2岁以下才发现相应的年龄 人类及其在模式生物中的等价物。这是因为我们关注的是发生在 神经发生(即神经元的产生)，作为跨物种寻找相应年龄的基础。 神经发生主要发生在胎儿发育期间。因此，我们只确定了相应的年龄 在人类的胎儿和出生后早期发育期间和模式生物中。然而，许多研究人员使用 了解人类童年、青春期和衰老的模型生物，没有任何资源可以 使科学家能够找到人类和其他物种在整个生命周期内的相应年龄。我们会 比较不同物种间途径成熟的时间和基因表达的时间变化 为了确定人类在出生后和成年期间的相应变化及其 在模型生物体中相当。我们将使用扩散磁共振波束成像，它识别整个大脑的区域，以 比较人类、非人类灵长类和非人类灵长类动物出生后发育过程中的肠道成熟时间 老鼠。我们将使用RNA测序来跟踪出生后不同年龄的基因表达的时间变化 人类、非人灵长类动物和老鼠。将扩散磁共振波束成像与基因表达相结合是一种 一种创新的方法，可以在人类和模式生物的整个生命周期内找到相应的年龄。 该项目将实施新的工具，用来寻找从模式生物到人类的相应年龄。

Project Summary/Abstract The goal of this project is to identify corresponding ages across postnatal ages in humans and model organisms. This work is needed because scientists often use model organisms such as mice to understand basic biological processes and disorders in humans, but there is currently no resource that enables researchers to find corresponding ages across the lifespan of model organisms and humans. We and others have implemented an easily accessible website to find equivalent developmental ages across 18 mammalian species (http://www.translatingtime.net). This resource is used by a number of researchers who study model organisms (e.g., mice) to translate their findings to humans, but it only finds corresponding ages up to 2 year after birth in humans and its equivalent in model organisms. This is because we focused on sharp changes that occur during neurogenesis (i.e., the production of neurons) as a basis with which to find corresponding ages across species. Neurogenesis occurs largely during fetal development. As a result, we have only identified corresponding ages during fetal and early postnatal development in humans and and model organisms. Yet, many researchers use model organisms to understand human childhood, adolescence, and aging, and there is no resource that enables scientists to find corresponding ages between humans and other species across the lifespan. We will compare the timing of tract (i.e., pathway) maturation and temporal changes in gene expression across species in order to identify corresponding transformations during postnatal and adult ages in humans and their equivalent in model organisms. We will use diffusion MR tractography, which identifies tracts across the brain, to compare the timing of tract maturation across postnatal development in humans, non-human primates, and mice. We will use RNA sequencing to track temporal changes in gene expression across postnatal ages in humans, non-human primates, and mice. Integrating diffusion MR tractography with gene expression is an innovative approach with which to find corresponding ages across the lifespan of humans and model organisms. This project will implement new tools with which to find corresponding ages from model organisms to humans.