Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand how positive and negative TDM experiences relate to mental and behavioral health

项目概要-项目2 社会联系和包容对福祉和健康至关重要，特别是在青春期， 这一时期的特点是对同伴关系和经验的重视程度增加。技术和 数字媒体（TDM），特别是社交媒体，具有与同龄人联系的可供性。事实上，TDM 成为青少年越来越重要的沟通方式，71%的青少年报告使用更多 超过一个社交媒体网站和92%的13-17岁的青少年报告上网 日报然而，对TDM使用的回顾表明，对TDM的影响和社会影响尚未达成共识。 媒体的使用对青少年的幸福和健康行为，发现积极的，消极的，和无效的结果。 他们强调，几乎没有证据表明TDM使用和良好的治疗之间存在潜在的调节因素。 存在和健康结果，这限制了我们对影响感兴趣结果的因素的理解。因此 迫切需要填补这一空白。与TDM使用相关的影响可能取决于青少年的具体方式， 使用TDM。例如，如果高水平暴露于某些类型的TDM，如社交媒体， 青少年对别人的意见，他们可能会更积极地反应消极的经验，如社会 社会包容的经验可能会使他们受益更多。这种敏感性可能有助于解释混合的 文献中的发现。目前的研究建议通过测量青少年接触到的 社交媒体（从项目1和3中提取数据）具有社会联系的启示（即，喜欢， 评论，朋友或追随者的数量）。然后我们将这些经验纵向联系到他们的反应 社会包容和排斥的经验，以预测健康和风险行为以及福祉 （从项目1和3中提取数据），并研究在社会转型过程中功能反应的变化 从初中到高中的时期，这一时期与社会关系的变化，冒险和挑战有关， 幸福感可能会影响这些关系。这些数据不仅将研究与社会相关的赤字， 媒体的使用，导致较差的福祉和不健康的行为，但也将审查社会的优势， 媒体的使用以及它们与更好的福祉和健康行为的关系。此外，如果青少年敏感 社会线索，数据可以帮助确定如何帮助引导青少年对社会媒体的参与， 带来更大的幸福感和更健康的行为。该项目与当前RFA保持一致，因为它测试了TDM如何 使用影响健康行为。本项目特别符合RFA的两个关注领域：1） 跨青少年TDM使用的跨学科研究，采用多水平评估， 神经发育，检查大脑功能和复杂行为的相关发育变化， 2)TDM暴露和使用的实时测量以及这种使用如何调节青少年的行为。

PROJECT SUMMARY – PROJECT 2 Social connectedness and inclusion are essential for well-being and health, particularly during adolescence, a period characterized by an increased salience placed on peer relationships and experiences. Technology and digital media (TDM), particularly social media, has the affordance of connecting with peers. In fact, TDM has become an increasingly important form of communication for adolescents, 71% of adolescents report using more than one social media site and 92% of adolescents between the ages of 13-17 years old report going online daily. Reviews on TDM use, however, suggest that there is not consensus on the impact of TDM and social media use on well-being and health behaviors among adolescents, finding positive, negative, and null results. They highlight that little evidence exists that examines potential moderating factors between TDM use and well- being and health outcomes, which limits our understanding of what influences outcomes of interest. Thus, there is an urgent need to fill this gap. Effects associated with TDM use may depend on specific ways that adolescents use TDM. For example, if high levels of exposure to certain kinds of TDM, such as social media, sensitize adolescents to other people’s opinions, they may be more reactive to negative experiences such as social exclusion, but may benefit more from experiences of social inclusion. This sensitivity may help explain the mixed findings within the literature. The current study proposes to test this idea by measuring adolescent’s exposure to social media (drawing data from Projects 1 and 3) that have the affordances of social connectedness (i.e., likes, comments, number of friends or followers). Then we will relate these experiences longitudinally to their reactivity to experiences of social inclusion and exclusion to predict health and risk behaviors as well as well-being (drawing data from Projects 1 and 3) and examine how changes in functional reactivity across the social transition period from middle to high school, a period associated with changes in social ties, risk-taking, and challenges to well-being, may influence these relationships. This data will not only examine deficits associated with social media use that lead to poorer well-being and unhealthy behaviors, but will also examine the strengths of social media use and how they relate to better well-being and healthy behaviors. Further, if adolescents are sensitized to social cues, the data can help identify ways to help steer adolescents towards social media engagement that leads to greater well-being and healthier behaviors. This project aligns with the current RFA as it tests how TDM usage affects health behavior. This project specifically aligns with two areas of interest for this RFA: 1) interdisciplinary studies of TDM usage across adolescence employing multi-level assessments of neurodevelopment to examine interrelated developmental changes in brain function and complex behavior, and 2) real-time measures of TDM exposure and usage and how this usage regulates adolescents’ behavior.