Neighborhood, Genotype, and Development

项目总结/摘要 邻里结构特征和社会进程都被证明是直接影响 儿童的社会和情感能力超过了更接近的环境的影响，如 家里然而，许多邻里文献都集中在结构特征的 社区，如集中的劣势和获得资源，1-5，尽管有证据表明， 和社会特征是相互关联的6，对儿童的社会结果有独特的影响。 此外，这几项研究审查了结构特征和社会进程， 邻里，1，7，9-12本身忽略了至关重要的个人水平的特点，最明显的是， 遗传风险和发育时机。目前的建议将解决文献中的这些空白， 使用弱势双胞胎样本来检验：（1）社区结构特征和社会性如何 过程调节儿童的社会和情感能力的病因，以及（2）这些基因- 环境相互作用（GxE）对社会和情感能力的影响可能会从童年中期开始变化， 青春期为了实现这些目标，目前的建议将使用先进的行为遗传双胞胎 模型，并在这样做，发展一个综合的概念模型的方式，个人的遗传和 发展特点塑造儿童的社会和情感能力的背景下， 邻里关系通过识别邻里关系影响儿童社会和情感的机制， 发展，这些发现应告知预防和干预计划，针对的方面， 邻里背景 拟议的奖学金将提供额外的培训：（1）获得邻里方法的专业知识，（2） 磨练GxE统计建模技能，（3）制定一个综合的概念理论的方式， 邻里环境调节儿童的社会性和情感发展，（4）加强网络联系， 研究传播，并授予写作技能，和（5）负责任地进行邻里研究。我 最终的职业目标是进行跨学科的研究，以了解如何，以及通过什么机制（S）， 儿童发展的环境影响他们的社会和情感能力。我的博士后 研究将超越家庭和学校的近端背景，这是我以前的研究的特点。 工作，并专注于邻里的多层次背景。就这样，我将为我的事业打下基础- 长期研究计划，调查嵌套的背景（家庭，学校和社区）如何影响 与个体的基因型相互作用，以影响他们的社会和情感发展。

Project Summary/Abstract Neighborhood structural characteristics and social processes have both been shown to directly impact children’s social and emotional competence over and above the influences of more proximal contexts, such as the family. However, much of the neighborhood literature has focused on structural characteristics of the neighborhood, such as concentrated disadvantage and access to resources,1–5 despite evidence that structural and social characteristics are interrelated6 and have unique impacts on children’s social outcomes.1,4,7–9 Moreover, those few studies examining both structural characteristics and social processes of the neighborhood,1,7,9–12 have themselves ignored critically important individual level characteristics, most notably genetic risk and developmental timing. The current proposal will address these gaps in the literature, making use of a disadvantaged twin sample to examine: (1) how neighborhood structural characteristics and social processes moderate the etiology of children’s social and emotional competence, and (2) how these gene- environment interactions (GxE) on social and emotional competence may change from middle childhood into adolescence. To accomplish these aims, the current proposal will use advanced behavioral genetic twin models, and in doing so, develop an integrated conceptual model of the ways in which individuals’ genetic and developmental characteristics shape children’s social and emotional competence within the context of neighborhoods. By identifying the mechanisms in which neighborhood impacts children’s social and emotional development, these findings should inform prevention and intervention programs targeting aspects of neighborhood context. The proposed fellowship will provide additional training to: (1) gain expertise in neighborhood methodology, (2) hone GxE statistical modeling skills, (3) develop an integrated conceptual theory of the ways in which neighborhood context moderates children’s social and emotional development, (4) strengthen networking, research dissemination, and grant writing skills, and (5) responsibly conduct neighborhood research. My ultimate career goal is to conduct interdisciplinary research to understand how, and by what mechanism(s), the contexts in which children are developing impact their social and emotional competence. My postdoctoral research will move beyond the proximal contexts of families and schools that have characterized my previous work, and focus on the multilevel context of the neighborhood. In this way, I will set the foundation for a career- long research program investigating how nested contextual (family, school, and neighborhoods) influences interact with an individual’s genotype to impact their social and emotional development.