Developing Novel Neural Technologies to Investigate Top-Down Attention in Neurologically and Racially Heterogeneous Populations

项目摘要 注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种神经发育障碍，其特征是 冲动、多动症、注意力异常困难，或者三者兼而有之。这一障碍 将受益于使用脑电(EEG)的个体差异研究方法，因为其 异质性(Franke 2019)和与ADHD相关的基本功能缺陷 用大脑活动测量来量化，即使在普通人群中也是如此。本课题的重点是研究 青壮年认知控制结构的个体差异 在整个ADHD谱系中，有一组人被证明存在前额叶驱动的认知控制缺陷。 我们的小组以前发现，在听觉选择性注意任务中的表现反映了变异性 在整体认知控制中，因为它依赖于自下而上的声音突显(如 爱哭的婴儿)和自上而下的意志欲望(比如注意主旨演讲者)(Choi et al，2014)。 我们假设这些先前观察到的个体在表现上的差异，他们的脑电相关，以及 其他基于对象的空间选择性注意能力的生物标志物都反映了认知缺陷的光谱 多动症患者。这种对注意力缺陷多动症注意力神经机制的非侵入性研究 SPECTRUM是未来对神经多样化人群中特定功能的几项调查之一-一项新的 强调心理健康研究的前沿。从长远来看，更好地理解认知特征和 特定功能的神经关联可以指向神经刺激的靶点或用于诊断的生物标记物 诊所。此外，基础脑科学将从病例对照研究中受益，因为 行为异质性正成为神经科学研究的瓶颈。 该项目与NIMH研究领域标准的更大推动相一致，以研究特定的 人类功能的领域(如认知)和其中的特定结构(如注意力和 语言)分开。此外，该项目符合大脑主动监测神经的推动力。 人类神经科学的活动，同时开发新的数据分析工具。

Project Summary Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity, exceptional difficulty with paying attention, or a combination of all three. This disorder would benefit from an individual differences approach of study using electroencephalography (EEG) due to its heterogeneity (Franke 2019) and the fact that the basic functional deficits associated which ADHD have not been quantified with brain activity measures, even in the general population. This project focuses on studying individual differences in the construct of cognitive control, also known as executive function, in young adults across the ADHD spectrum, a group that has been shown to have pre-frontal driven, cognitive control deficits. Our group previously showed that performance on an auditory selective attention task reflects variability in overall cognitive control, as it relies on a competitive balance between bottom-up salience of sounds (like a crying baby) and volitional, top-down desires (like paying attention to a keynote speaker) (Choi et al, 2014). We hypothesize that these previously observed individual differences in performance, their EEG correlates, and other biomarkers of object-based spatial selective attention ability all reflect the spectrum of cognitive deficits in the ADHD population. This non-invasive inquiry into the neural mechanisms of attention across the ADHD spectrum is the one of several future inquiries into specific functions in neurodiverse populations—a newly emphasized frontier in mental health research. In the long-term, a better understanding of cognitive profiles and neural correlates of specific functions could point to targets for neurostimulation or biomarkers for diagnoses in the clinic. Moreover, fundamental brain science will benefit from a departure from case-control studies, as behavioral heterogeneity is become a bottleneck in neuroscience discovery. This project aligns with the larger push from the NIMH Research Domain Criteria to study specific domains of human functioning (such as cognition) and specific constructs within them (such as attention and language) separately. Furthermore, this project falls in line with the BRAIN initiative thrusts of monitoring neural activity in human neuroscience while developing new data analysis tools.