Clustered Blockchain Platform for Air pollution Data Aggregation and Dissemination– A Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Approach to Air Pollution Tracking (Air-PoT)

与其他肺部疾病一样，COVID-19也会因空气污染而恶化。来自剑桥大学、哈佛大学等的大量研究表明，污染物浓度越高，症状越严重，死亡率越高，新冠病毒传播越多（《卫报》，2020年;《欧洲医疗保健》，2020年; NCBI的《环境污染杂志》等）。此前的研究也类似地表明，空气污染暴露会显著增加SARS（2003年冠状病毒爆发）和哮喘等其他肺部疾病的并发症/死亡风险。科学家们提出，由于新冠肺炎和高空气污染浓度可能会持续很长时间，患有新冠肺炎、哮喘、等，应考虑积极避开污染浓度高的地方，以减少与污染有关的并发症/传播/死亡人数。因此，这将减少由新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19，即2019冠状病毒病）引发的封锁造成的潜在死亡人数，目前封锁正在摧毁企业和经济。避免行为需要在颗粒级别进行积极的污染监测，并有效/实时传播监测结果。这样的结果可以支持明智的决定，以锁定小口袋，而不是整个城市，与高污染浓度对应的新冠肺炎并发症/传播/死亡人数激增，提供了将这些口袋中的污染和相关的新冠肺炎并发症/传播/死亡迅速恢复到较低水平的机会。英国目前拥有这种颗粒监测的基础设施，成千上万的物联网（IoT）启用污染传感器（BBC，2019）。这些设备/传感器由100多个议会拥有（例如，伦敦市长在伦敦拥有100多个传感器，纽卡斯尔拥有600多个传感器等）; 100多个财团的计划（如快乐鳄鱼，击败街道等）;许多当局/组织（例如，伦敦港务局）;以及许多私人团体（例如，伊斯特本具有超过10个传感器）。然而，这些所有者通过许多不同的不协调的源/网站（例如，breathe伦敦网、hackair网，以及无数其他网站）共享他们的结果，这些源/网站以非常不同的方式显示信息，从而使得难以访问和理解该数据/信息的能力。整个欧洲的趋势类似，（欧盟科学中心，2017年; iSCAPE，2017年）和美国，拥有超过10万个传感器（Understory，2019;因此，该项目旨在提供一个中央平台，允许污染设备/传感器所有者通过一个即插即用访问来共享实时污染数据，这符合英国政府的清洁空气战略，提供个人空气质量信息系统，告知公众空气污染水平。该项目将包括：1）一个集群区块链集中式平台，1a）物联网污染传感器所有者可以直接插入他们的数据进行共享。1b）将为传感器所有者使用他们的数据付费2）一个应用程序，该应用程序将使用大数据分析，深度学习和预测分析（人工智能）来2a）根据最终用户的兴趣区域显示污染数据（例如使用邮政编码或路线搜索）2b）为没有监测设备的地区生成以数据为中心的空气污染模型。2c）使用历史天气，交通和其他污染驱动数据预测即将到来的污染水平3）历史污染数据的数据库，可以用于研究，咨询，政策制定等。

Like other lung-diseases, Covid-19 is exacerbated by air-pollution. Numerous studies from Cambridge University, Harvard University, among others revealed that higher pollutants concentrations correspond with exacerbated symptoms, fatalities spike and increased Covid-19 virus transmission (The Guardian, 2020; Healthcare-in-Europe, 2020; NCBI's journal on Environmental-Pollution, etc.). Previous studies similarly showed that air-pollution exposure dramatically increased complications/death-risk from SARS \[2003 coronavirus outbreak\], and other lung-diseases like Asthma.Scientists propose that since Covid-19 and high air-pollution concentrations will likely be around for a longtime, people with lung-diseases like Covid-19, Asthma, etc. should consider actively avoiding places at their times of high pollution concentrations to reduce pollution associated complications/transmission/death toll. This will consequently reduce potential Covid-19 deaths triggered lockdowns which are currently decimating businesses and economy. Avoidance behaviour requires active pollution monitoring at granular levels, and effective/live dissemination of monitoring results. Such results can support informed decision to lock down small pockets, as against a whole city, with spike in Covid-19 complications/transmission/death toll that correspond with high pollution concentrations, providing the opportunity to return pollution and associated Covid-19 complications/transmission/death in such pockets to lower levels quickly.The UK currently has the infrastructure for such granular monitoring, with tens of thousands of Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled pollution-sensors in operation (BBC,2019). These equipment/sensors are owned by 100s of councils (e.g. London Mayor has 100s of sensors in London, Newcastle has over 600, etc.); 100s of consortiums' schemes (e.g. Happy Crocodile, Beat the street, etc.); numerous authorities/organisations (e.g. Port of London Authority); and numerous private groups (e.g. Clean-Air Eastbourne has over 10 sensors)These owners however share their results through many different uncoordinated sources/websites (e.g. breathe London web, hackair web, among countless others) which display information in very different ways thus making access and ability to understand this data/information difficult. The trend is similar across Europe with massive number of sensors (EU Science Hub, 2017; iSCAPE, 2017) and USA with over 100,000 sensors (Understory, 2019; BBC, 2019), disseminated via many different means.This project thus aims to provide a central platform that allows pollution equipment/sensors owners a single plug and play access to share live pollution data, which is then relayed to interested users in a simplified and personalised understandable format using an app. This in line with the UK government's clean air strategy to provide a personal air-quality messaging system to inform public of air-pollution levels. The project will include:1) A clustered blockchain centralised platform that1a) IoT pollution sensors owner can directly plug their data into for onward sharing.1b) will pay sensors owners for use of their data2) an app that will use big-data-analytics, deep learning and predictive analytics (artificial intelligence) to2a) display pollution data based on end users' areas of interest (e.g. using postcode or route search)2b) produce a data centric air pollution model for areas without monitoring equipment.2c) predict forthcoming pollution levels using historic weather, traffic and other pollution driving data3) Databank of historic pollution data that can be bought for research, consultancy, policy making, etc.