Second bodies: Elite self-presentation and landscapes of display in late New Kingdom Egypt

第二体：埃及新王国晚期的精英自我展示和展示景观

• 批准号: AH/F013256/1
• 负责人: Elizabeth Frood
• 金额: $ 2.34万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF013256%2F1
• 关键词: Second; bodies; Elite; self; presentation

In discussing his Allotment series, the British artist Anthony Gormley describes architecture as a 'second body', in relation to the first, biological body. The series sought to create 'concentrated volumes out of a personal space that carries the memory of an absent self' (Gormley [1997] 2007). This is achieved in part through intimate measurements of physical bodies and in part through the distribution of these personal and monumentally public forms within buildings and landscapes. My project is inspired by and can be compared to his work in its examination of interconnections of architecture and self through sacred space and landscape in ancient Egypt. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, elite individuals commissioned significant monuments in order to celebrate and commemorate their lives and to ensure that their memory would endure and they would make a successful transition to the next world. These monuments included inscribed stone statues and stelae dedicated in temples as well as decorated tomb chapels. Although the majority of the monuments bore formulaic, standardized texts and images, in all periods smaller numbers thematized more personal, subjective components of self and biography. Even though these self-presentations are one of the most characteristic features of Egyptian high culture, they have rarely been analysed in context and in detail. Yet they offer a unique opportunity to examine the ways in which individuals fashioned distinctive selves for display and the significance of the physical and social contexts they selected.I focus on the late New Kingdom, Dynasties 19 and 20 (ca.1290-1075 BCE), a period of marked development in language, art, and religious expression, partly in response to the revolutionary changes during the reign of the 'heretic king', Akhenaten. This is a time when individuals' choices can be seen as particularly salient and highly charged. Through case-studies, I address how and why people made their selections for display and the significance of those selections for the transformation of high culture. The case-studies look at the setting of monuments in specific landscapes and architectural spaces, such as the temple and cemetery landscape of the West Bank at Thebes (modern Luxor) in Upper Egypt and the ritually charged setting of the sacred animal necropolis at Saqqara (near modern Cairo) in Lower Egypt. Locations like these provide clearly bounded contexts in which it is possible to compare different forms and motifs of self-presentation and to understand how elites both make use of different periods in the past and develop innovative forms. My research develops new approaches to the interpretation of a broad range of elite materials from ancient Egypt, emphasizing the salience of landscapes and personal and group selection and engagement. Through its integrative, holistic method which encompasses built environments, media, images, and texts, this study will inform understanding of New Kingdom history and culture and highlight the extraordinary eloquence of the Egyptian sources for scholars of other ancient and pre-modern societies.

英国艺术家安东尼·葛姆雷（Anthony Gormley）在讨论他的分配系列时，将建筑描述为“第二个身体”，与第一个生物身体有关。该系列试图创造出“集中的卷出个人空间，承载着一个缺席的自我的记忆”（Gormley [1997] 2007）。这部分是通过对身体的亲密测量，部分是通过在建筑物和景观中分布这些个人和纪念性的公共形式来实现的。我的项目受到他的启发，可以与他的作品相比较，通过古埃及的神圣空间和景观来考察建筑和自我的相互联系。纵观古埃及历史，精英们委托建造重要的纪念碑，以庆祝和纪念他们的生命，并确保他们的记忆将持久，他们将成功地过渡到另一个世界。这些纪念碑包括刻在寺庙里的石像和石碑，以及装饰过的坟墓教堂。虽然大多数纪念碑都带有公式化的、标准化的文字和图像，但在所有时期，都有少数纪念碑将自我和传记的更个人、更主观的成分作为主题。尽管这些自我展示是埃及高雅文化最具特色的特征之一，但它们很少被详细分析。然而，它们提供了一个独特的机会，可以研究个人塑造独特自我的方式，以及他们选择的物理和社会环境的意义。（约公元前1290 -1075年），语言、艺术和宗教表达的显著发展时期，部分原因是为了应对“异教徒国王”阿赫那吞统治时期的革命性变化。这是一个个人的选择可以被视为特别突出和高度紧张的时候。通过个案研究，我阐述了人们如何以及为什么选择展示，以及这些选择对高雅文化转型的意义。案例研究着眼于特定景观和建筑空间中的纪念碑设置，例如上埃及底比斯（现代卢克索）西岸的寺庙和墓地景观，以及下埃及萨卡拉（靠近现代开罗）神圣动物墓地的仪式设置。这样的地点提供了明确的边界背景，在其中可以比较不同的自我展示形式和主题，并了解精英如何利用过去的不同时期并发展创新形式。我的研究开发了新的方法来解释来自古埃及的广泛的精英材料，强调景观的突出性以及个人和团体的选择和参与。通过其综合，整体的方法，其中包括建筑环境，媒体，图像和文本，这项研究将告知新王国的历史和文化的理解，并突出了其他古代和前现代社会的学者埃及来源的非凡口才。