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Intoxicants and Early Modernity: England c.1580-c.1740

麻醉品与早期现代性：英国 c.1580-c.1740

基本信息

批准号：
ES/K00493X/1
负责人：
Philip Withington
金额：
$ 81.68万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK00493X%2F1
关键词：
Intoxicants Early Modernity England c.1580

项目摘要

There is every indication that the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a significant increase in the production, traffic, and consumption of intoxicants: substances understood at the time to be 'poisoning, or envenoming' and 'tuddling or making drunk', and which today are recognized as having an often detrimental impact on the body's physiological and mental processes, especially if consumed in excess. This includes 'old world' alcohols like ale, beer, wine, and spirits; and 'colonial groceries' like tobacco and opium. Utilising a range of archival materials, this project will do three things. It will trace the increase in intoxicants between c. 1580 and c. 1740 as empirically and systematically as possible. It will look to explain the increase, paying particular attention to the role of local, national, and international markets on the one hand and the formation of 'civil society' on the other. And it will explore some of the key corollaries of these developments: in particular the formation of the early-modern state and developments in printed media and discourses. The key objectives are twofold: to examine the hypothesis that intoxicants were integral to the set of processes, transitions, and conflicts known by social and economic historians as 'early modernity', and that it was in the early modern era that the salient features of our modern culture and economy of intoxication emerged; and to show how the early modern history of intoxicants constructively illuminates and enhances our understanding of present issues, problems, and practices.Such an investigation is timely. Intoxicants are a contemporary obsession. Now more than ever they are deeply implicated in most aspects of modern life: this is as true for government, the press, and various kind of medical 'expert' as it is for producers, traffickers, and everyday users (both illicit and licit). Understanding the complicated and multidimensional history of this obsession can only enrich current debates and policies. Likewise there is burgeoning historiographical interest in the subject. Economic and social historians have long been interested in particular kinds of intoxicant and their socio-economic ramifications. More recent analytical developments - in historical anthropology, material culture, the history of consumption, gender history - have only served to accentuate and enrich this interest. There nevertheless remain huge gaps in our empricial knowledge as well as problems of conceptualization and interpretation. Because historians have treated intoxicants as individual commodities rather than as comestibles with shared intoxicating characteristics, their historical significance is elided. This also encourages a misleading chronological discontinuity. Old world alcoholic beverages before 1650 are not only much less studied than colonial groceries after 1650; they are treated as entirely different phenomena. As a result, crucial continuities regarding commodities, markets, sociability, consumption, policing, and discourse are obscured. Orthodox accounts of social change compound the problem by styling the consumption of intoxicants, in particular alcohol, as 'pre-modern' or even 'anti-modern'. Yet what empirical evidence we have suggests the opposite: that intoxicants (including alcohol) were normative features of early modern experience.Exploring this paradox therefore problematizes some of our most cherished sociological shibboleths. To this end the project considers the inter-connected economy and culture of intoxicants. It treats the period 1580-1740 - between the European introduction of tobacco and the onset of the 'gin craze' - as a single era of huge significance for modern attitudes and practices. And rather than have its findings pre-determined by historical-sociological orthodoxies, it looks to challenge and where necessary replace those orthodoxies on the basis of new empirical research.

有各种迹象表明，16世纪后期和17世纪，麻醉品的生产、运输和消费都有了显著的增长：这些物质在当时被理解为“中毒或中毒”和“醉酒或醉酒”，今天被认为对人体的生理和心理过程有着有害的影响，特别是如果过量消费的话。这包括“旧世界”的酒精，如麦酒，啤酒，葡萄酒和烈酒;和“殖民地杂货”，如烟草和鸦片。利用一系列档案材料，该项目将做三件事。它会追踪c. 1580和C。1740.第1740章尽可能的主动和主动它将寻求解释的增长，特别注意的作用，地方，国家和国际市场，一方面和“公民社会”的形成。它将探讨这些发展的一些关键推论：特别是早期现代国家的形成和印刷媒体和话语的发展。主要目标是双重的：检查的假设，即麻醉品是不可分割的一套过程，过渡，和冲突被社会和经济历史学家称为“早期现代”，它是在早期现代时代，我们的现代文化和经济的显着特点中毒出现;并显示如何早期现代历史的麻醉品建设性地阐明和提高我们的理解目前的问题，问题和做法。这样的调查是及时的。吸毒是当代人的一种痴迷。现在，他们比以往任何时候都更深入地涉及现代生活的大多数方面：这对政府、新闻界和各种医学“专家”来说都是如此，对生产者、贩运者和日常使用者（非法和合法）来说也是如此。了解这种痴迷的复杂和多层面的历史只会丰富当前的辩论和政策。同样，对这一主题的史学兴趣也在迅速增长。长期以来，经济和社会历史学家一直对特定种类的麻醉剂及其社会经济后果感兴趣。最近的分析发展--在历史人类学、物质文化、消费史、性别史方面--只会加强和丰富这种兴趣。然而，在我们的经验知识以及概念化和解释的问题上仍然存在巨大的差距。由于历史学家把麻醉品当作单独的商品，而不是具有共同麻醉特征的食物，它们的历史意义被忽略了。这也助长了一种误导性的时间不连续性。1650年以前的旧世界酒精饮料不仅比1650年以后的殖民地食品少得多，而且被视为完全不同的现象。因此，商品、市场、社会性、消费、政策和话语等关键的连续性被掩盖了。正统的社会变革的帐户复杂的问题，造型的消费麻醉品，特别是酒精，作为“前现代”，甚至“反现代”。然而，我们所掌握的经验证据却恰恰相反：麻醉品（包括酒精）是早期现代经验的规范特征，因此，探索这一悖论会使我们最珍视的一些社会学术语成为问题。为此，该项目考虑了相互关联的麻醉品经济和文化。它把1580-1740年这段时间--从欧洲引进烟草到“杜松子酒热”的开始--看作是对现代态度和实践具有巨大意义的单一时代。它的研究结果不是由历史社会学的正统观念预先确定的，而是在新的实证研究的基础上挑战并在必要时取代这些正统观念。