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Continental Asia and monsoon China, 600-1400

亚洲大陆和中国季风，600-1400

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H037721/1
负责人：
Naomi Standen
金额：
$ 10.78万
依托单位：
Newcastle University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH037721%2F1
关键词：
Continental Asia monsoon China 600

项目摘要

China is widely conceived as centring on 'China Proper', running from the Great Wall to the south coast, its civilisation contrasted, still, with the 'barbarian' pastoral nomads north of the Wall. I propose that a more useful division is between 'monsoon China', a tropical, mountainous land that in the Middle Period (c. 600-1400) became one of padi fields and maritime trade, and a continental zone that had long comprised a range of ecologies mixing varying degrees of agriculture, stock-rearing and overland trade. This places the transitional zone 800 miles further south, in the River Huai basin, between the Yellow River and the Yangzi, undermining the environmentally determinist contrast between 'civilised' China and 'barbarian' nomads, and offering new ways of viewing the northern zone in particular.From 600 to 1400 the dynasties of imperial China progressively lost control over the continental zone, but a sinocentric scholarship has suggested that little of consequence happened north of the Chinese empire. Now new and ongoing research suggests that the continental zone, already extensively interconnected for centuries before 600, continued to enjoy complex interactions throughout the Middle Period. This project traces a shared repertoire of practices, beliefs and material culture that was drawn on from the Yellow River valley to the Mongolian steppe and from the Silk Road oases to Japan. Similar ideas of loyalty, which underpinned fluid and adaptive political structures, are found in regimes listed in China's dynastic sequence and in nomadic political units from the grasslands. Buddhist practices travelled from the Silk Road to the Liao (907-1125) and Xi Xia (1038-1227) dynasties and on to Japan. The same unglazed grey pottery is found in the Gansu corridor, throughout Mongolia and in Manchuria down to at least 1200.By contrast, in the Song dynasty (960-1276), increasingly focused on the monsoonal zone, we know that ruling elites embraced newly rigid ideas of loyalty and political organisation, and responded to Buddhism's hold on the populace by sponsoring an anti-Buddhist neo-Confucian orthodoxy that prescribed behaviour, while technological advances produced new and distinctive types of fine ceramics. This research will argue that monsoon China not only grew apart from the continental zone but also sought to define itself against the 'barbarian' northerners. Both regions also appear to have directed their trade more towards their other neighbours - across the South China Sea and the overland Silk Roads respectively - than towards each other.This radical rethink of China's geography opens up vast new areas of research, particularly in the continental zone. It aims to transform ways of thinking about the place we call China, not only in the past but also in the present. This will be of interest not just to scholars but to policymakers, the media, those needing to understand China for business purposes, and the general public.The project reinterprets existing scholarship in light of my own primary research on loyalty, political networks and material culture, and new findings in archaeology and historical analysis relating to China, Mongolia, Japan, Korea, the Silk Roads and the South China Sea. The approach emphasises the social aspects of political history, including the relationships between individuals within ruling groups, between central decisions and what happened in the borderlands, and between elite and everyday life. Nine months of analysis and writing will produce a 60,000-word contribution to Volume 2 of five comprising a New World History, an unprecedented international undertaking to write an integrated history tracing the evolution of global society from prehistoric times to the present, to be published in English and German by C.H. Beck and Harvard University Press. There will also be conference papers, an article, a public lecture and pieces for scholarly and policy websites and the press.

中国被广泛认为是以“中国本土”为中心，从长城到南海岸，其文明仍然与长城以北的“野蛮”游牧民族形成对比。我建议，一个更有用的划分是“季风中国”，一个热带，山地，在中期（c。公元600-1400年）成为稻田和海上贸易之一，以及长期以来包括各种生态系统的大陆地区，混合了不同程度的农业，畜牧业和陆上贸易。这将过渡区再往南800英里，在淮河流域，黄河和长江之间，破坏了“文明”中国和“野蛮”游牧民族之间的环境决定论对比，并提供了新的视角，特别是北方地区。从600年到1400年，中华帝国的各个朝代逐渐失去了对大陆地区的控制，但一个以中国为中心的学者认为，在中华帝国以北，几乎没有发生什么重要的事情。现在，新的和正在进行的研究表明，在公元600年之前的几个世纪里，大陆区已经广泛地相互联系，在整个中世纪继续享受着复杂的相互作用。该项目追溯了从黄河流域到蒙古草原，从丝绸之路绿洲到日本的共同实践，信仰和物质文化。类似的忠诚观念，支撑着流动和适应性的政治结构，在中国的朝代序列和草原游牧民族的政治单位中也可以找到。佛教修行从丝绸之路传到辽朝（907-1125）和西夏（1038-1227），然后传到日本。同样的无釉灰陶在甘肃走廊、整个蒙古和满洲都有发现，至少可追溯到1200年。（960-1276），越来越多地关注季风区，我们知道，统治精英接受了新的僵化的忠诚和政治组织的想法，为了回应佛教对民众的控制，他们赞助了一种反佛教的新儒家正统学说，规定了行为，而技术进步则产生了新的和独特的精美陶瓷。这项研究将证明，季风中国不仅远离大陆地区发展，而且还试图将自己定义为“野蛮”的北方人。这两个地区的贸易似乎也更多地面向其他邻国--分别是南中国海和陆上丝绸之路--而不是彼此。对中国地理的这种彻底反思开辟了广阔的新研究领域，特别是在大陆地区。它旨在改变人们对我们称之为中国的地方的思考方式，不仅在过去，而且在现在。这不仅会让学者感兴趣，也会让政策制定者、媒体、那些出于商业目的需要了解中国的人和普通公众感兴趣。该项目根据我自己对忠诚、政治网络和物质文化的初步研究，以及与中国、蒙古、日本、韩国、丝绸之路和南中国海有关的考古学和历史分析的新发现，重新解释了现有的学术研究。该方法强调政治史的社会方面，包括统治集团内的个人之间的关系，中央决策和边境地区发生的事情之间，以及精英和日常生活之间的关系。九个月的分析和写作将产生一个60,000字的贡献，第二卷的五个组成新的世界历史，一个前所未有的国际承诺，写一个综合的历史跟踪全球社会的演变，从史前时代到现在，将出版在英语和德语的C.H.哈佛大学出版社.还将有会议论文，一篇文章，一个公开讲座和学术和政策网站和新闻作品。