Rome 600-900: Past and Present

《罗马600-900：过去与现在》是一部基于对证据的彻底重新评估的新的城市历史。罗马城是欧洲历史最广泛重建的中心，6世纪到10世纪之间的时期被认为是其发展的关键时期。但是，尽管罗马的历史学家注意到他们的证据和从中得出的信息存在许多不一致之处，但这座城市在更广泛的历史中的地位仍然相对简单：不再是帝国的首都，在那些世纪里，罗马成为教皇的城市。最近对中世纪早期罗马历史各个方面的研究及其证据，强调了对这一研究进行修订的必要性，即将这一研究纳入一个基于对资料来源的批判性评估的新的总体叙述中。传统的教皇统治地位上升的故事将两类人降级为更次要的角色，我认为，他们对这座城市的历史产生了决定性的影响：法兰克和拜占庭帝国的统治者及其追随者，以及城市本身的绝大多数人口，奠定和文书。特别是后者的自我认同，表明了罗马在这些世纪中真正的政治和意识形态地位。我们必须非常小心地辨别他们的声音来源写在城外-往往与法兰克人和拜占庭人-或教皇的作家。后者强调协会的罗马的公民与圣彼得，城市的第一位主教。但罗马人自己也赞助其他殉道者的崇拜，建造自己的教堂并配备人员，还包括一批在这一时期形成独特形象的官员。因此，罗马身份的变化不仅仅是罗穆卢斯城成为圣彼得城的问题，无论这种变化意味着多么重大的转变。事实上，在这一欧洲历史时期，它是一个独特的、往往相互竞争的身份和协会的论坛。

Rome 600-900: Past and Present is a new history of the city based on a thorough re-assessment of the evidence. The city of Rome is central to most broad reconstructions of European history, and the period between the sixth and the tenth centuries is accepted as having been crucial in its development. But while historians of Rome have noted numerous inconsistencies in their evidence and in the messages drawn from it, the city's position in wider history has remained relatively simple: ceasing to be the capital of an empire, in those centuries Rome became instead the city of the popes. Recent work on individual aspects of Rome's history in the early middle ages, and the evidence for it, underlines the necessity for a revised synthesis that incorporates this work into a new overarching account that based on a critical appraisal of the sources.The traditional story of rising papal domination relegates to more minor roles two sets of people whose influence on the city's history, I will argue, was decisive: the rulers of the Frankish and Byzantine empires and their followers, and the vast majority of the population of the city itself, lay and clerical. It is the self-identification of the latter, in particular, that indicates Rome's true political and ideological position in these centuries. We have to be quite careful to discern their voices in sources written either outside the city - and often in association with Franks and Byzantines - or by papal writers. The latter emphasize the association of Rome's citizens with St Peter, the city's first bishop. But Romans themselves patronized the cults of other martyrs, built and staffed their own churches, and included a cadre of officials that developed a unique profile in this period. Rome's changing identity was therefore not simply a question of the city of Romulus becoming the city of St Peter, however weighty the transformation that that change signifies. It was in fact, and uniquely in this period of European history, a forum for distinct and often competing identities and associations.