The Reception of Josephus in Jewish Culture from the 18th Century to the Present

18世纪至今犹太文化对约瑟夫斯的接受

• 批准号: AH/J00460X/1
• 负责人: Martin Goodman
• 金额: $ 17.87万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ00460X%2F1
• 关键词: Reception; Josephus; Jewish; Culture; 18th

Josephus was a Jewish priest from Jerusalem who took part in the war against Rome in 66 CE until he was captured and, inspired (so he said) by divine guidance, changed to the Roman side and devoted his retirement in Rome to writing about the history and customs of the Jews. His best known work, the Jewish War, was completed by 81 CE, just ten years after the end of the war itself, but he also wrote three further works: the Jewish Antiquities, a twenty-book account of Jewish history from the creation of the world to 66 CE; the Life, an apologetic autobiography designed to uphold a claim never to have been genuinely anti-Roman despite his career in 66-67 as a rebel general; and Against Apion, a defence of Jews and Judaism in two books against calumnies found in the writings of a variety of gentile authors. The project will investigate the attitudes to these writings and to Josephus as an individual to be found among Jews from the 18th century to the present. Josephus' writings were not acknowledged in the Jewish tradition preserved by the rabbis in Hebrew and Aramaic in late antiquity, and the survival of his works is due entirely to the value ascribed to them by early Christians. The re-entry of the Jewish War into the Jewish cultural milieu came about only through a paraphrase of the Latin text of Hegesippus into Hebrew, with additions from Roman and Jewish history, produced by a South Italian Jew ('Josippon') in the tenth century CE, and it was only in the sixteenth century, when, again in Italy, Azariah de'Rossi reintroduced Jews to the writings of Greek Judaism in antiquity, that they became reacquainted with Josephus' original text.The focus of this multidisciplinary research will be on the way Jews in the last 250 years have built on earlier Jewish and Christian uses of the writings of Josephus for a variety of very different purposes. It will look at the use of Josephus by the Maskilim, intellectuals from the late 18th and 19th centuries who sought to open the eyes of their fellow Jews to the world outside, forging a new Jewish consciousness and ultimately a redefined identity. It will examine the attitudes to Josephus of the founders of the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement in Germany, who were inclined to see Josephus's version of Jewish history as more reliable than stories in rabbinic texts, even though their attitude to his political stance was ambivalent. It will investigate the uses of Josephus by Rabbinic circles in the nineteenth century, as they came to be influenced by the Haskalah, and by European Jews more generally as part of the wider rhetoric of Jewish identity, especially within the arguments about assimilation throughout Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. And it will trace the uses of Josephus both by Zionists from the late nineteenth century through the foundation of the State of Israel to the present day - as expressed in Zionist political speeches, dramas, novels, and by the interpretation of the archaeology and geography of the land during the formation of the Israeli state - and, finally, by 'post-Zionist' historians, sociologists and publicists as part of their re-assessment of the foundation and ideologies of the State of Israel.Among issues for investigation in all these contexts will be the attachment of Jewish interest to some of Josephus' writings more than others, and how Jewish attitudes to those writings were affected by attitudes to the historian as a person, by non-Jewish opinion and by concerns about the relationship of Josephus' Antiquities to the text of scripture. In view of the huge amount of relevant data, the project does not aim to produce an exhaustive analysis of all uses of Josephus by Jews during this period, but rather a representative series of fully documented and analysed case studies to illuminate these complex and diverse issues. The resulting monographs, edited volume, workshop papers and website will address a varied audience.

约瑟夫斯是一位来自耶路撒冷的犹太牧师，他在公元66年参加了对罗马的战争，直到他被抓获，并受到神圣指引的启发（他说），改变了罗马方面，并将他在罗马的退休生活用于撰写犹太人的历史和习俗。他最著名的作品《犹太战争》于公元81年完成，距离战争结束仅十年，但他还写了三部其他作品：《犹太古物》，一部从世界创造到公元66年的犹太历史的二十本书;《生活》是一本道歉性自传，旨在坚持一种说法，即尽管他在66-67年担任叛军将军，但他从未真正反罗马;和反对阿皮翁，防御犹太人和犹太教在两本书中对诽谤发现的著作中的各种外邦作家。该项目将调查从18世纪到现在的犹太人对这些著作和约瑟夫斯作为一个个体的态度。约瑟夫斯的著作并没有在犹太传统中得到承认，犹太传统由拉比在希伯来语和阿拉姆语在古代晚期保存下来，他的作品的生存完全是由于早期基督徒赋予它们的价值。犹太战争重新进入犹太文化环境，只是通过一个南意大利犹太人将Hegesippus的拉丁文本改写成希伯来语，并从罗马和犹太历史中增加内容（'Josippon'）在第十世纪CE，它只是在第十六世纪，当，再次在意大利，Azariah de'Rossi重新介绍犹太人到希腊犹太教的著作在古代，他们重新熟悉了约瑟夫斯的原始文本。这个多学科研究的重点将是犹太人在过去250年中如何建立在早期犹太人和基督教使用约瑟夫斯的著作用于各种非常不同的目的。它将着眼于18世纪末和19世纪的知识分子Maskilim对约瑟夫斯的使用，他们试图打开犹太同胞对外部世界的眼睛，塑造一种新的犹太意识，并最终重新定义身份。它将考察德国犹太人科学运动创始人对约瑟夫斯的态度，他们倾向于认为约瑟夫斯的犹太历史版本比拉比文本中的故事更可靠，尽管他们对他的政治立场的态度是矛盾的。它将调查犹太教拉比圈在19世纪使用约瑟夫斯，因为他们受到哈斯卡拉的影响，以及欧洲犹太人更普遍地作为犹太人身份的更广泛的修辞的一部分，特别是在19世纪和20世纪整个欧洲关于同化的争论中。它将追溯犹太复国主义者从十九世纪末到以色列国成立直到今天对约瑟夫斯的使用--正如犹太复国主义政治演讲、戏剧、小说以及对考古学和地理的解释所表达的那样。以色列国家形成期间的土地--最后，由“后犹太复国主义”历史学家，社会学家和哲学家作为他们重新评估以色列国的基础和意识形态的一部分。在所有这些背景下调查的问题将是犹太人对约瑟夫斯的一些著作的兴趣超过其他著作，以及犹太人对这些著作的态度是如何受到对历史学家个人的态度，非犹太人的观点以及对约瑟夫斯的古物与圣经文本关系的关注的影响。鉴于大量的相关数据，该项目的目的不是对这一时期犹太人使用约瑟夫斯的所有情况进行详尽的分析，而是通过一系列有代表性的充分记录和分析的案例研究来阐明这些复杂而多样的问题。由此产生的专著、编辑卷、讲习班文件和网站将面向不同的受众。

项目成果

The Jewish War

犹太战争

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Josephus

Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East - In the Crucible of Empire

古代古典世界和近东的反抗与抵抗——帝国的严酷考验

• DOI: 10.1163/9789004330184_015
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Rajak T

Josephus's The Jewish War: A Biography

约瑟夫斯的犹太战争：传记

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Goodman Martin

The Reception of Josephus in the Early Modern Period

近代早期对约瑟夫斯的接受

• DOI: 10.1007/s12138-016-0398-2
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: International Journal of the Classical Tradition
• 影响因子: 0.2
• 作者: Goodman M