The Ethics of the Alternatives to War

人们普遍认为应该避免战争，而应寻求非暴力的替代方案。例如，各种和平主义方法拒绝战争的道德容许性，正义战争理论家断言，如果战争在道德上是正当的，就需要追求战争的合理选择（最后手段原则），与其他选择相比，战争必须利大于弊（比例原则）。然而，对每一种选择以及整个选择的问题往往缺乏系统的伦理分析。虽然已经对一些潜在的替代方案进行了重要的实证分析，但这些都没有详细考虑相关的道德问题。因此，研究金将用于制定一个关于战争替代办法的伦理问题的研究项目。它将特别侧重于经济制裁、外交、和平行动、非暴力抵抗、裁军和武装叛乱分子。最终将出版一本书（暂定名为《战争的正义与非正义抉择》）和两篇期刊文章，以及建立一个研究网络。它将制定一个关于战争替代方案的规范框架和两个中心主题：第一，寻求战争替代方案的理由通常比寻求战争的理由要重要得多因为，例如，为和平国际准则作出贡献的责任；其次，战争有时可能是允许的，因为替代方案本身也面临着显著的、额外的问题。我在奖学金期间的工作将回答以下问题：-围绕每种选择的特定伦理问题是什么？-对战争替代方案的分析是否加强了“修正主义”正义战争理论（更侧重于在战争中构成不公正威胁的个人罪责或责任）、“集体主义”正义战争理论（更侧重于国家、集体和常规战争规则）或和平主义的案例？-正义战争的最后手段和相称性要求应如何理解？-为了能够以道德上最合理的方式寻求替代方案，需要进行哪些体制改革？一般来说，这项奖学金对我发展领导才能非常重要。它将加强我在知识交流和公众参与方面的经验，目的是培养对政策产生重大而明确影响所需的技能，并将导致建立一个关于战争替代方案的新网络。

It is widely held that war should be eschewed and nonviolent alternatives should be pursued instead. For instance, various pacifist approaches reject the moral permissibility of war and Just War Theorists assert that, if war is to be morally justified, reasonable alternatives to war need to be pursued (the principle of last resort) and war must do more good than harm compared to the alternatives (the principle of proportionality). However, there tends to be a lack of systematic ethical analysis of the issues surrounding each of the alternatives, as well as the alternatives as whole. Although there has been significant empirical analysis of some of the potential alternatives, these have not considered in detail the relevant moral issues. Accordingly, the Fellowship will be used to develop a research project on the ethical issues surrounding the alternatives to war. It will focus specifically on economic sanctions, diplomacy, peace operations, nonviolent resistance, disarmament, and arming rebels. It will ultimately lead to a book (provisionally entitled 'Just and Unjust Alternatives to War') and two journal articles, as well as a research network. It will develop a normative framework on the alternatives the war and two central themes: first, the reasons to pursue the alternatives to war are generally much weightier than the reasons to pursue war because, for instance, of duties to contribute to peaceful international norms; second, wars may nevertheless be permissible sometimes because the alternatives face notable, additional problems of their own. My work during the Fellowship will answer the following questions: - What are the particular ethical issues surrounding each of the alternatives? - Does an analysis of the alternatives to war strengthen the case for 'revisionist' Just War Theory (which focuses more on individual culpability or responsibility for posing an unjust threat in war), 'collectivist' Just War Theory (which focuses more on states, collectives, and the conventional rules of war), or pacifism? - How should the Just War requirements of last resort and proportionality be understood? - What institutional reforms are necessary to be able to pursue the alternatives in the most morally justifiable manner? The Fellowship generally will be very important for my developing my leadership skills. It will strengthen my experience of knowledge exchange and public engagement, with the aim of developing the skills necessary to achieve substantial and clear impacts on policy, and will lead to the development of a new network on the alternatives to war.