权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Building large communities: Multi isotope investigations of human mobility and diet in the earliest large villages

建设大型社区：对最早的大型村庄的人类流动和饮食进行多同位素调查

基本信息

批准号：
AH/M002055/1
负责人：
Jessica Pearson
金额：
$ 18.51万
依托单位：
University of Liverpool
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM002055%2F1
关键词：
Building large communities Multi isotope

项目摘要

Twelve thousand years ago, at the end of the last ice age, the mobile hunter-gatherers of southwest Asia gradually began to live in small communities of 10-100s at sites that rarely measured more than a few hectares. Around 10,000 years ago a number of these sites disappeared and at the same time a few large sites emerged. These new mega-sites measured more than 10 hectares in size with populations numbering in the thousands that required new forms of socialising. At this date these were the first of their kind and have been described by some as the world's first towns and cities. The site of Çatalhöyük, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in modern Turkey, was one of these early mega-sites. It was occupied for around 1500 years, persisting longer than many communities today and comparable in duration only to long-established modern cities such as London, England.Early small communities were highly mobile and consumed a broad range of foods from species that were acquired through hunting, gathering and fishing. By the time the larger less mobile communities such as Çatalhöyük emerged 10,000 years ago, food came from an increasingly narrow range of species of plants and animals. Reliance on fish and birds declined in favour of a specialisation on ruminants such as sheep and cattle. These mega-sites would also have had a profound impact on partner exchange systems (akin to kinship/marriage/alliance), social practices that are closely influenced by community size. To prevent inbreeding, men and women from smaller communities would normally leave to join other communities and those smaller communities would accept outsiders. This process is unnecessary for larger communities who can support partner exchange within the community unless there are political reasons not to do so. It seems likely that transitions in partner exchange systems enabled the emergence of (and sustained) the first mega-sites. This project focuses on reconstructing partner exchange and diet through stable isotope analysis, a technique that allows us to detect whether people died in the same location in which they were born (thereby telling us if they have moved there from elsewhere) and what plants and animals they ate for most of their lives. We will perform these analyses on adult human, animal and plant remains from the mega-site of Çatalhöyük and use the two nearby small earlier communities Boncuklu Höyük and Pinarbasi for comparison. Our project focuses on the use of stable isotope analysis to reconstruct diet and mobility because quantifying the importance of different species of plants and animals (particularly aquatic resources), in the diet of people that lived in these communities is otherwise difficult because ancient charred plants and fish bone do not survive well. Similarly, the inhabitants of these sites routinely extracted fats from bone by smashing them, which has meant that a very high proportion of animal bone (80-95%) on these sites comes from animals that cannot be accurately identified and species proportion estimates that may be incorrect. There is already some tentative evidence that outsiders exist at Çatalhöyük. Physical anthropologists have shown that inherited differences in tooth shape suggest that many women were not from local families. Strontium isotope analysis in our project will enable this to be tested on the same individuals, something which cannot be tested by DNA analysis due to poor preservation.By reconstructing the partner exchange systems that operated in foraging versus farming communities it will be possible to establish any sex-specific patterning in partner exchange systems that accompanied the emergence of the earliest mega-sites and the diet that enabled these first large communities to survive for hundreds if not thousands of years.

一万两千年前，在最后一个冰河时代的末期，西南亚的流动狩猎-采集者逐渐开始生活在10-100人的小社区中，这些社区的面积很少超过几公顷。大约10,000年前，许多这样的遗址消失了，同时出现了一些大型遗址。这些新的巨型遗址面积超过10公顷，人口数量达到数千人，需要新的社交形式。到目前为止，这是此类城市中的第一个，被一些人描述为世界上最早的城镇。圣塔尔约克遗址是联合国教科文组织世界遗产之一，位于现代土耳其，是这些早期的巨型遗址之一。它被占领了大约1500年，比今天的许多社区持续的时间更长，持续时间仅可与伦敦、英国等历史悠久的现代城市相媲美。早期的小社区流动性很强，消费各种通过狩猎、采集和捕鱼获得的物种的食物。到1万年前，当圣塔尔霍尤克等流动性较弱的大型群落出现时，食物来自越来越少的动植物物种。对鱼类和鸟类的依赖程度下降，取而代之的是对绵羊和牛等反刍动物的专门化。这些巨型网站还将对伴侣交换系统(类似于亲属关系/婚姻/联盟)产生深远影响，这些社会实践受到社区规模的密切影响。为了防止近亲交配，来自较小社区的男性和女性通常会离开，加入其他社区，而这些较小社区会接受外来者。对于可以在社区内支持合作伙伴交换的较大社区来说，这一过程是不必要的，除非有政治原因不这样做。看来，合作伙伴交换系统的转变很可能促成了首批巨型网站的出现(并得以维持)。这个项目的重点是通过稳定同位素分析重建伴侣交换和饮食，这项技术允许我们检测人们是否在他们出生的同一地点死亡(从而告诉我们他们是否从其他地方搬到那里)，以及他们一生中的大部分时间都吃什么植物和动物。我们将对圣塔尔约克巨型遗址的成人人类、动物和植物遗骸进行这些分析，并使用附近的两个较早的小社区Boncucrou Höyük和Pinarbasi进行比较。我们的项目重点是使用稳定同位素分析来重建饮食和流动性，因为量化不同物种的动植物(特别是水生资源)在这些社区的人们饮食中的重要性是困难的，因为古代烧焦的植物和鱼骨不能很好地存活下来。同样，这些遗址的居民通常通过砸碎骨头来提取脂肪，这意味着这些遗址上非常高比例的动物骨骼(80%-95%)来自无法准确识别的动物，物种比例估计可能是不正确的。已经有一些初步证据表明，圣塔尔霍尤克有外来者。体质人类学家已经表明，牙齿形状的遗传差异表明，许多女性并不来自当地家庭。我们项目中的锶同位素分析将使这一点能够在相同的个人身上进行测试，这是由于保存不佳而无法通过DNA分析进行测试的。通过重建在觅食社区和农业社区中运行的伙伴交换系统，将有可能在伴随着最早的巨型遗址和使这些最初的大型群落存活数百年甚至数千年的饮食而出现的伙伴交换系统中建立任何性别特定的模式。