Unravelling the Gordian Knot: Integrating Advanced Portable Technologies into the Analysis of Rock-Art Superimposition

解开难题：将先进的便携式技术融入岩石艺术叠加分析

• 批准号: AH/M008894/1
• 负责人: David Robinson
• 金额: $ 24.33万
• 依托单位: University of Central Lancashire
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM008894%2F1
• 关键词: Unravelling; Gordian; Knot; Integrating; Advanced

For thousands of years and across the globe, humans have painted images in caves and on other stone surfaces. Some painted sites were later revisited by people who added new paintings on top of the older. Such sites can be very colourful, complex assemblages of paintings placed one on top the other, so much so that it can be very difficult to discern the sequence of painting over very long periods of time. While archaeologists have developed many sophisticated theories to interpret these paintings, and pieces of the paintings that have fallen off may be recovered to analyze in a laboratory, until recently it has been very difficult to analyse the paintings using powerful scientific equipment while the paintings remain on the rock surface. However, technolgoical advances have produced small transportable devices which now allow for detailed on site analyses that do not harm the paintings. These non-destructive portable technologies can scan the cave, rock-surface, and paintings in 3-Dimensions; can use X-ray technology to determine the chemical elements used to make the pigment that makes the painting; laser instruments to identify organic components of the paintings; and can use portable digital photography to reveal hidden layers normally barely perceptible to the human eye. Unravelling the Gordian Knot Project will apply all of these methods to analyze the spectacular and colourful paintings at the site called Pleito, found in California, USA. Pleito is one of the most complex painted sites in the world. It has hundreds of individual paintings with many colours, including different shades of red, black, white, yellow, orange, green, and blue. This is the widest colour palette of any known site in North American and, importantly, it has multiple panels where paintings have been placed over earlier ones. This kind of overpainting, known as superimposition, presents the greatest challenge to rock-art researchers in their attempts to understand painted art found in the landscape. Even though such complex paintings are challenging, they offer to the archaeologist who can unravel the sequence the greatest chance of understanding the development of paintings through time. Within the site of Pleito, a panel known to researchers as the 'Gordian Knot' is the most elaborate panel found there, making it one of the most complex prehistoric panels found anywhere in the world. The name of this project is derived from this panel, and so Pleito and its complex sequences of overpainting executed in various colours is an ideal case to disentangle the history of painting events. The method employed will integrate a range of portable technologies including portable X-Ray Fluorescence, portable Raman Spectroscopy, Highlight Reflectance Transformation, dStretch digital photography, and portable digital laser scanning to unravel the sequence of painting that makes up one of the most complex sites found anywhere in the world. These techniques will help address questions concerning traditions of pigment use and give insights into the role of the art within Native society. The project includes a state-of-the-art website with a 3-D recreation to be housed at the California State University, Channel Islands, offering an alternative to site visitation as a means to experience the site without risk of damaging the ancient paintings. Also, a new conditional assessment will compare degradation of the site to a 2003 baseline report to see how much of the paintings have recently eroded away: finally, a series of experiments combining different pigments with different types of binding agents will give us material to test with both lab based and portable equipment in the creation of a spectral database: this will give us a series of different chemical readings to compare with the actual paintings and allow researchers across the world to compare results from their discoveries with the Gordian Knot Spectral Databasee

数千年来，在全球范围内，人类在洞穴和其他石头表面上绘制图像。后来，人们重新审视了一些画过的地方，在旧画的基础上添加了新画。这些地点可能是非常丰富多彩、复杂的绘画组合，一幅幅叠加在一起，以至于很难在很长一段时间内辨别绘画的顺序。虽然考古学家已经发展了许多复杂的理论来解释这些画作，并且可以回收掉下来的画作碎片并在实验室中进行分析，但直到最近，当画作仍然留在岩石表面时，使用强大的科学设备来分析这些画作仍然非常困难。然而，技术进步已经产生了小型便携式设备，现在可以在不损坏画作的情况下进行详细的现场分析。这些无损便携式技术可以对洞穴、岩石表面和绘画进行 3 维扫描；可以使用X射线技术来确定用于制造绘画颜料的化学元素；激光仪器识别画作的有机成分；并可以使用便携式数码摄影来揭示通常人眼几乎无法察觉的隐藏层。解开快结项目将应用所有这些方法来分析美国加利福尼亚州普莱托遗址上壮观而色彩缤纷的绘画。普莱托 (Pleito) 是世界上最复杂的彩绘遗址之一。它有数百幅色彩丰富的个人画作，包括不同深浅的红、黑、白、黄、橙、绿、蓝。这是北美已知遗址中调色板最广泛的，重要的是，它有多个面板，其中的绘画被放置在早期的面板上。这种被称为叠加的过度绘画，对岩石艺术研究人员试图理解景观中的绘画艺术提出了最大的挑战。尽管如此复杂的绘画具有挑战性，但它们为能够解开序列的考古学家提供了了解绘画随着时间的发展的最大机会。在普莱托遗址内，有一块被研究人员称为“快死结”的面板，是那里发现的最复杂的面板，使其成为世界上发现的最复杂的史前面板之一。该项目的名称源自该面板，因此 Pleito 及其以各种颜色执行的复杂的复画序列是解开绘画事件历史的理想案例。所采用的方法将集成一系列便携式技术，包括便携式 X 射线荧光、便携式拉曼光谱、高光反射变换、dStretch 数字摄影和便携式数字激光扫描，以揭示构成世界上最复杂遗址之一的绘画序列。这些技术将有助于解决有关颜料使用传统的问题，并深入了解艺术在土著社会中的作用。该项目包括一个位于海峡群岛加州州立大学的最先进的 3D 娱乐网站，提供了一种替代现场参观的方式，作为体验现场的一种方式，而不会有损坏古代绘画的风险。此外，一项新的条件评估将把该地点的退化情况与 2003 年的基线报告进行比较，以了解有多少画作最近被侵蚀了：最后，一系列将不同颜料与不同类型的粘合剂相结合的实验将为我们提供在创建光谱数据库时使用实验室和便携式设备进行测试的材料：这将为我们提供一系列不同的化学读数，以便与实际画作进行比较，并允许世界各地的研究人员比较结果 他们在“棘手结”光谱数据库中的发现

项目成果

Returning to your Roots: Use of Mobile Shooting in an Ethnomediaology case study with the Tejon Native American Tribe in California

回归本源：在加州 Tejon 美洲原住民部落的民族媒体学案例研究中使用移动拍摄

• DOI: 10.15664/fcj.v18i1.2252
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frames Cinema Journal
• 作者: Panagopoulos I

UNRAVELLING THE GORDIAN KNOT - COMBINING TECHNOLOGIES TO ANALYSE, PROTECT, AND COMMUNICATE THE ROCK ART OF PLEITO CAVE

解决棘手问题 - 结合技术来分析、保护和传播普雷托洞穴的岩石艺术

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Bedford C

A Virtual Reality Platform for Analyzing Remote Archaeological Sites

用于分析远程考古遗址的虚拟现实平台

• DOI: 10.14236/ewic/hci2018.171
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Cassidy B

Interactive relighting, digital image enhancement and inclusive diagrammatic representations for the analysis of rock art superimposition: The main Pleito cave (CA, USA)

用于分析岩石艺术叠加的交互式重新照明、数字图像增强和包容性图表表示：主要的普莱托洞穴（美国加利福尼亚州）

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2018.02.012
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Journal of Archaeological Science
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Kotoula E

Computational Photography, 3-D Modeling, and Online Publication of Basketry for Cache Cave, California

• DOI: 10.1017/aap.2019.23
• 发表时间: 2019-11
• 期刊: Advances in Archaeological Practice
• 影响因子: 1.4
• 作者: E. Kotoula;David W. Robinson;D. Gandy;Edward A. Jolie