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Imaging Minority Culture: Photography, Digital Sharing, and Cultural Survival in Northeast China

影像少数民族文化：摄影、数字共享与东北文化生存

基本信息

批准号：
AH/P004768/1
负责人：
Richard Fraser
金额：
$ 24.77万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP004768%2F1
关键词：
Imaging Minority Culture Photography Digital

项目摘要

This is a project to research a previously unseen and recently digitised photographic archive of two ethnic minorities in northeast China: the Ethel John Lindgren Collection of Evenki and Orochen communities at the Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Cambridge. This unique archive of 8000 photographs was collected by Cambridge anthropologist, Ethel John Lindgren, and her Norwegian husband and photographer, Oscar Mamen, who undertook field research between 1919-1921 in what was then northeast Manchuria. They amassed an invaluable visual record of the people, places, and inter-ethnic relations of the region during a formative period in pre-communist China history - before they were sedentarised and classified as 'ethnic minorities' by the Chinese state. More importantly, however, the photographs are also a highly personal community-record for Evenki and Orochen people living in China today, who are the direct descendants of those depicted in the photographs, and in many cases the images represent the only visual documentation of their grandparents and kin relations. Research will first be carried out on the photographs at the MAA to document their historical information, identifying locations, landscapes, social characteristics, and material culture. As the photographs depict communities when they were still fully nomadic, when subsistence hunting was permitted, clan identities were prominent, and both everyday and ritual activities were still widely practiced, documenting this will be key to better understanding the ethno-history of the region through the lens of nomadic communities, and how they embodied their cultural lifeworlds before the founding of the PRC. Next, the project will first use the photographs as tools during ethnographic fieldwork amongst contemporary Evenki and Orochen communities, identifying locations, landscapes, practices, and material objects to better understand everyday social life during this formative period in pre-communist China. We will also use the photographs as hermeneutic tools in order to prompt responses and discussions, elucidating people's experiences of more recent changes and state policies, such as sedentarisation, modernisation and economic development, environmental degradation, the impact of the logging industry and shift towards conservation, a hunting-ban, and the recent shift towards ethnic tourism and its significance for the politics of representation. The project also has an important community-based component, and by partnering with a Hong Kong-based NGO it will incorporate the collection into existing and new cultural revitalisation and community-outreach initiatives in minority villages and centres across northeast China. For example, we will use the photographs in educational programmes at local schools, language training, teaching skills such as hunting and craft production, music and dance, forest activities, as well as working with elders in documenting aspects of traditional culture to be re-developed for the new ethno-tourism industry and to help generate alternate livelihood opportunities. The project will also work alongside elders and community leaders to reconstruct un-recorded family and clan histories, develop individual biographies of minority officials, prominent shamans, and the wider communities, and assist people in identifying individuals and family members often not seen in photographic form before. Given the recent history of the photographs and their direct connection to communities today, the project has a unique opportunity to help disentangle people's actual lived-identities from state classifications, which often cut across ethnic categories through kinship, intermarriage, and shifting historical alliances. More broadly, we document the process of digital repatriation and sharing and describe their uses by community and state actors in the context of surging interest and investment in 'protecting' minority heritage and culture.

这是一个研究中国东北两个少数民族的摄影档案的项目：剑桥大学人类学和考古学博物馆的埃塞尔·约翰·林格伦埃文基和奥罗钦社区收藏。这份由8000张照片组成的独特档案是由剑桥人类学家埃塞尔·约翰·林格伦和她的挪威丈夫兼摄影师奥斯卡·马门收集的，他们在1919年至1921年期间在当时的满洲东北部进行了实地研究。他们积累了宝贵的视觉记录的人，地方，和民族间的关系，在形成时期的前共产主义中国的历史-之前，他们定居下来，并归类为“少数民族”的中国国家。然而，更重要的是，这些照片也是今天生活在中国的鄂温克人和鄂伦春人的高度个人化的社区记录，他们是照片中描绘的人的直系后代，在许多情况下，这些图像是他们祖父母和亲属关系的唯一视觉记录。首先将对MAA的照片进行研究，以记录其历史信息，确定地点，景观，社会特征和物质文化。由于这些照片描绘的社区仍然完全游牧，当狩猎被允许时，部落身份突出，日常和仪式活动仍然广泛进行，记录这些将是通过游牧社区的透镜更好地了解该地区民族历史的关键，以及他们如何体现他们在中华人民共和国成立之前的文化生活世界。接下来，该项目将首先使用这些照片作为当代鄂温克族和鄂伦春族社区民族志实地考察的工具，识别地点，景观，实践和实物，以更好地了解共产主义前中国形成时期的日常社会生活。我们还将使用这些照片作为解释工具，以促进回应和讨论，阐明人们对最近的变化和国家政策的体验，如定居化，现代化和经济发展，环境退化，伐木业的影响和向保护的转变，狩猎禁令，以及最近向民族旅游的转变及其对代表政治的重要性。该项目也有一个重要的社区部分，通过与一家香港非政府组织合作，它将把这些藏品纳入中国东北少数民族村庄和中心现有和新的文化振兴和社区外展计划。例如，我们将在当地学校的教育方案、语言培训、狩猎和手工艺制作、音乐和舞蹈、森林活动等教学技能中使用这些照片，并与老年人合作记录传统文化的各个方面，以便为新的民族旅游业重新开发，并帮助创造其他谋生机会。该项目还将与长老和社区领导人合作，重建未记录的家族和氏族历史，为少数民族官员、著名萨满和更广泛的社区编写个人传记，并帮助人们识别以前通常不以照片形式出现的个人和家庭成员。鉴于这些照片的近期历史及其与当今社区的直接联系，该项目有一个独特的机会，可以帮助人们从国家分类中理清人们的实际生活身份，这些分类通常通过亲属关系，通婚和不断变化的历史联盟跨越种族类别。更广泛地说，我们记录了数字回归和共享的过程，并描述了社区和国家行为体在“保护”少数民族遗产和文化的兴趣和投资激增的背景下对其的使用。