"To Have and To Hold": Understanding the Relationship between Forced Marriage and Modern Slavery.

自2017年以来，国际劳工组织（ILO）将强迫婚姻纳入其全球奴隶制估计（GES）。随后，国际刑事法院将强迫婚姻列为性奴役的一种形式，联合国当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员（Shahinian 2012）明确将强迫婚姻与奴隶制联系起来。2018年，在英国首次成功起诉强迫婚姻后，英国非政府组织Karma Nirvana呼吁根据《现代奴隶制法案》起诉类似案件。因此，强迫婚姻和奴隶制在国家和国际舞台上被联系在一起。这提出了关于强迫婚姻和奴隶制之间关系的关键问题，但尚未得到解答。这不仅仅是一个脱离现实的概念问题。据估计，目前有4030万人生活在奴隶制下，其中1540万人被迫结婚（国际劳工组织2018年）。将强迫婚姻纳入全球人口普查不仅大大增加了被认为生活在奴隶制中的人数，而且揭示了现代奴隶制的性别本质：尽管男性也是强迫婚姻的受害者，但妇女和女孩占现代奴隶制受害者的71%（国际劳工组织2018年）。正如Allain（2015）所指出的，“从法律角度来看，强迫婚姻不是奴隶制……然而,……也就是说，至少在某些情况下，强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制之间似乎存在联系。然而，这种关系既不明显，在国际法或国内法中也没有明确规定。可持续发展目标（SDG）将强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制分开对待（分别在可持续发展目标具体目标5.3和8.7下）。1920年《奴隶制公约》对奴隶制的定义，以及《贝拉吉-哈佛关于奴隶制法律参数的指南》对现代奴隶制的定义，都是将一个人视为另一个人的财产。然而，在强迫婚姻中，重点是缺乏对最初仪式的同意。作为财产的待遇和未经同意可能是有联系的，但它们并不完全相同。因此，“强迫婚姻”显然不是奴隶制的一种形式，不应列入《全球契约》。然而，正如阿兰所说，“然而……”。我的多学科项目将是第一个解释为什么某些类型的婚姻应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式，正确地包括在GES中。我试图回答以下研究问题：RQ1：在多大程度上，如果有的话，强迫婚姻是一种现代奴隶制？RQ2：目前法律上对强迫婚姻的定义真的概括了规范问题吗？RQ3：什么类型的婚姻，如果有的话，应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式？为了回答这些问题，我：1)借鉴过去哲学家对婚姻如何构成一种奴役形式的细致而复杂的分析，以表明真正的规范问题的基本要素并没有被现代“强迫”婚姻的概念所涵盖（rq 1、2和3）。2)整理当前强迫婚姻的法律定义，并了解这些如何映射到对现代奴隶制的理解（rq1和2）。3)探索关于强迫婚姻和奴隶制的现有幸存者叙述的主体（rq1,2和3）。4)对现有的强迫婚姻和/或可能是奴隶制形式的婚姻实例进行系统调查，包括合作伙伴Walk Free和Karma Nirvana （rq1,2和3）。5)生成婚姻的类型学，可以说是构成类似奴隶制的制度或实践。6)与项目合作伙伴Walk Free一起，为GES数据收集提供更准确的全球强迫婚姻数字，并制定一个新的可持续发展目标具体指标，纳入全球奴隶制指数，以更好地衡量消除强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制的进展（RQ3）。

Since 2017 the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has included forced marriage in its Global Estimates of Slavery (GES). This followed including forced marriage as a form of sexual slavery at the International Criminal Court, and explicit linkage of forced marriage to slavery by the UN's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Shahinian 2012). In 2018, after the first successful English prosecution for forced marriage, UK NGO Karma Nirvana called for similar cases to be prosecuted under the Modern Slavery Act. Forced marriage and slavery are thus being linked on the national and international stage. This raises key and as yet unanswered questions about the relation between forced marriage and slavery.This is not merely a conceptual problem divorced from reality. 40.3 million people are estimated to live in slavery today, 15.4 million of them in forced marriage (ILO 2018). The inclusion of forced marriage in the GES has not only greatly increased the number of people recognised as living in slavery, but revealed the gendered nature of modern slavery: though men are also victims of forced marriage, women and girls account for 71% of modern slavery victims (ILO 2018).As Allain (2015) notes, 'in legal terms, forced marriage is not slavery...and yet...': that is, there does seem to be a link between at least some instances of forced marriage and modern slavery. However, this relationship is neither immediately obvious, nor made plain in international or domestic law. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) treat forced marriage and modern slavery separately (under SDG Targets 5.3 and 8.7 respectively). The definition of slavery in the 1920 Slavery Convention, and the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery's definition of modern slavery, is treatment of one person as property by another. With forced marriage, however, the focus is on lack of consent to the initial ceremony. Treatment as property and lack of consent may be connected, but they are not identical. 'Forced marriage', then, is not obviously a form of slavery, liable for inclusion in the GES. And yet, as Allain says, 'and yet...'. My multidisciplinary project would be the first to explain why certain types of marriage should be seen as forms of modern slavery, rightly included in the GES. I seek to answer the following research questions:RQ1: To what extent, if any, is forced marriage a form of modern slavery?RQ2: Does forced marriage as currently defined in law really encapsulate the normative problem?RQ3: What types of marriage, if any, ought to be seen as forms of modern slavery? In order to answer these questions I:1) Draw on the work of past philosophers' nuanced and sophisticated analyses of how marriage constitutes a form of slavery to show that fundamental elements of the real normative problem are not covered by the modern notion of 'forced' marriage (RQs 1,2 and 3).2) Collate current legal definitions of forced marriage, and see how these map onto understandings of modern slavery (RQs 1 and 2).3) Explore the corpus of existing survivor narratives regarding forced marriage and slavery (RQs 1,2 and 3).4) Conduct a systematic survey of existing empirical research on instances of forced marriage and/or marriages which could be forms of slavery, including by partners Walk Free and Karma Nirvana (RQs1,2 and 3).5) Generate typologies of marriages which arguably constitute an institution or practice similar to slavery, and a definition of the normative problem the global community is rightfully seeking to eliminate, currently referred to as 'forced' marriage (RQs 1 and 3).6) With project partner Walk Free, input into data-collection for the GES, leading to more accurate numbers for forced marriage globally and development of a new SDG Target Indicator for inclusion in the Global Slavery Index, to better measure progress towards eradication of forced marriage and modern slavery (RQ3).