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"To Have and To Hold": Understanding the Relationship between Forced Marriage and Modern Slavery.

“拥有和持有”：理解强迫婚姻与现代奴隶制之间的关系。

基本信息

批准号：
AH/S012788/1
负责人：
Helen McCabe
金额：
$ 25.78万
依托单位：
University of Nottingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FS012788%2F1
关键词：
Hold Understanding Relationship between Forced

项目摘要

Since 2017 the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has included forced marriage in its Global Estimates of Slavery (GES). This followed including forced marriage as a form of sexual slavery at the International Criminal Court, and explicit linkage of forced marriage to slavery by the UN's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Shahinian 2012). In 2018, after the first successful English prosecution for forced marriage, UK NGO Karma Nirvana called for similar cases to be prosecuted under the Modern Slavery Act. Forced marriage and slavery are thus being linked on the national and international stage. This raises key and as yet unanswered questions about the relation between forced marriage and slavery.This is not merely a conceptual problem divorced from reality. 40.3 million people are estimated to live in slavery today, 15.4 million of them in forced marriage (ILO 2018). The inclusion of forced marriage in the GES has not only greatly increased the number of people recognised as living in slavery, but revealed the gendered nature of modern slavery: though men are also victims of forced marriage, women and girls account for 71% of modern slavery victims (ILO 2018).As Allain (2015) notes, 'in legal terms, forced marriage is not slavery...and yet...': that is, there does seem to be a link between at least some instances of forced marriage and modern slavery. However, this relationship is neither immediately obvious, nor made plain in international or domestic law. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) treat forced marriage and modern slavery separately (under SDG Targets 5.3 and 8.7 respectively). The definition of slavery in the 1920 Slavery Convention, and the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery's definition of modern slavery, is treatment of one person as property by another. With forced marriage, however, the focus is on lack of consent to the initial ceremony. Treatment as property and lack of consent may be connected, but they are not identical. 'Forced marriage', then, is not obviously a form of slavery, liable for inclusion in the GES. And yet, as Allain says, 'and yet...'. My multidisciplinary project would be the first to explain why certain types of marriage should be seen as forms of modern slavery, rightly included in the GES. I seek to answer the following research questions:RQ1: To what extent, if any, is forced marriage a form of modern slavery?RQ2: Does forced marriage as currently defined in law really encapsulate the normative problem?RQ3: What types of marriage, if any, ought to be seen as forms of modern slavery? In order to answer these questions I:1) Draw on the work of past philosophers' nuanced and sophisticated analyses of how marriage constitutes a form of slavery to show that fundamental elements of the real normative problem are not covered by the modern notion of 'forced' marriage (RQs 1,2 and 3).2) Collate current legal definitions of forced marriage, and see how these map onto understandings of modern slavery (RQs 1 and 2).3) Explore the corpus of existing survivor narratives regarding forced marriage and slavery (RQs 1,2 and 3).4) Conduct a systematic survey of existing empirical research on instances of forced marriage and/or marriages which could be forms of slavery, including by partners Walk Free and Karma Nirvana (RQs1,2 and 3).5) Generate typologies of marriages which arguably constitute an institution or practice similar to slavery, and a definition of the normative problem the global community is rightfully seeking to eliminate, currently referred to as 'forced' marriage (RQs 1 and 3).6) With project partner Walk Free, input into data-collection for the GES, leading to more accurate numbers for forced marriage globally and development of a new SDG Target Indicator for inclusion in the Global Slavery Index, to better measure progress towards eradication of forced marriage and modern slavery (RQ3).

自2017年以来，国际劳工组织已将强迫婚姻纳入其全球奴隶制估计。这包括国际刑事法院将强迫婚姻作为性奴役的一种形式，以及联合国当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员将强迫婚姻与奴隶制明确联系起来(沙希尼安，2012年)。2018年，在英国首次成功起诉强迫婚姻后，英国非政府组织Karma Nirvana呼吁根据《现代奴隶法》起诉类似案件。因此，强迫婚姻和奴隶制在国家和国际舞台上联系在一起。这就提出了有关强迫婚姻和奴隶制之间关系的关键问题，但尚未得到解答。这不仅仅是一个脱离现实的概念问题。据估计，目前有4,030万人生活在奴隶制中，其中1540万人被迫结婚(劳工组织，2018年)。将强迫婚姻纳入全球经济体系不仅极大地增加了被承认为奴隶的人数，还揭示了现代奴隶制的性别本质：尽管男性也是强迫婚姻的受害者，但妇女和女孩占现代奴隶制受害者的71%(劳工组织2018年)。正如Allain(2015)指出的那样，“从法律上讲，强迫婚姻不是奴隶制……然而……”：也就是说，至少在强迫婚姻的某些实例和现代奴隶制之间似乎确实存在联系。然而，这种关系既不是立竿见影的，也不是在国际法或国内法中明确规定的。《可持续发展目标》将强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制分开处理(根据《可持续发展目标》具体目标5.3和8.7)。1920年《奴隶制公约》中对奴隶制的定义，以及关于奴隶制定义的法律参数的贝拉吉奥-哈佛准则，都是将一个人视为另一个人的财产。然而，对于强迫婚姻，重点是在最初的仪式上没有得到同意。作为财产的待遇和缺乏同意可能是有联系的，但它们并不等同。因此，“强迫婚姻”显然不是奴隶制的一种形式，应被纳入全球经济体系。然而，正如阿兰所说，“然而……”我的多学科项目将是第一个解释为什么某些类型的婚姻应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式，正确地包括在GES中。我试图回答以下研究问题：RQ1：如果有的话，强迫婚姻在多大程度上是现代奴隶制的一种形式？RQ2：目前法律定义的强迫婚姻真的概括了规范问题吗？RQ3：什么类型的婚姻(如果有的话)应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式？为了回答这些问题：1)借鉴过去哲学家对婚姻如何构成一种奴役形式的微妙和复杂的分析，以表明‘强迫’婚姻的现代概念没有涵盖真正规范问题的基本要素(第1、2和3条)。2)整理现行法律对强迫婚姻的定义，3)探索关于强迫婚姻和奴隶制的现有幸存者叙述语料库(第1、2和3条)。4)对强迫婚姻和/或可能是奴隶制形式的婚姻的现有实证研究进行系统的调查，包括由伴侣Walk Free和Karma Nirvana(第1、2和3条)。5)产生可以说构成类似奴隶制的制度或做法的婚姻类型学，以及对国际社会正当地寻求消除的规范性问题的定义，目前被称为“强迫婚姻”(RQS 1和RQS 3)。6与项目伙伴Walk Free合作，为全球强迫婚姻的数据收集提供了投入，导致全球强迫婚姻的数字更加准确，并制定了一个新的可持续发展目标指标以纳入全球奴隶制指数，以更好地衡量在根除强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制方面的进展(RQ3)。