Gender Equalities at Work: an Interdisciplinary History of 50 Years of Legislation

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This project will produce the first comprehensive interdisciplinary history of the creation, trajectories, legacies and lived experiences of the Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (now integrated for GB in the Equality Act 2010) across the four nations of the UK.It is approaching 50 years since the enactment of this landmark legislation which, in theory, introduced the principle of gender equality into the workplace as a statutory requirement. Its practical inadequacies have attracted almost constant evaluation and commentary ever since, leading to further changes or adaptations (often through 'soft' law rather than statute). UK-made law has also been shaped by - and, in turn, has influenced - European legal institutions and frameworks. Yet, the full story of the directions that workplace gender equality law has taken across time - of why, with what significance and, importantly, by and for whom the law has been used - remains unwritten. Moreover a tendency (within disciplines such as social policy and legal studies) to focus on the law's (current) limitations, has meant that there has been little retrospective analysis of the process of change itself: of understanding how the terms of debate have been shifted, of the personal (and collective) skill, creativity and energy this has entailed, and of the tools that have been used to do this. Alongside its examination of the trajectories of i) equal pay and ii) sex discrimination, this project will be the first to examine the history of responses to iii) workplace sexual harassment (judged to be a form of discrimination in 1986) up to and including #MeToo. The project will examine the period from 1964 (when equal pay was first included as a party manifesto commitment) until 2020 (departure from the European Union), drawing in the first instance on methods and sources that are historical (and used widely in gender history and legal history). It will collect archival sources from a wide range of UK repositories and undertake oral history interviews with 40 'key actors' (including lawyers, litigants, campaigners, trade unionists, and equality commissioners) to retrieve the history of the law in action, as agency, and as personal experience. It also aims to develop an interdisciplinary toolkit for understanding change as a dynamic process by drawing on concepts and frameworks from feminist political science and industrial relations. We will construct a multi-dimensional timeline of the architectures, actors and discourses associated with gender equality legislation, identifying and, subsequently, analysing key junctures or moments of change to understand how they came about and with what effects. Whilst focusing on gender, the project will examine its intersection with other categories that are constitutive of workplace inequality, particularly race/ethnicity, religion and life-cycle. The project will be the first history to examine the influence of intersectionality on legal thinking and campaigning in relation to UK workplace gender equality as well as the difficulties experienced in giving intersectionality legal form.The project will result in a set of academic articles that are likely to be of interest to scholars of legal history, women's and gender history, labour history, and gender studies. A public-facing website hosting a wide range of resources and materials will be designed for use by teachers, students, campaigners and advocacy groups. In exploring how and in what ways change has come about, it will highlight successful tools and strategies that have been used previously by campaigners (as well as reasons for failure), and offer personal insights from the perspective of those centrally involved as 'lessons from history'. We will also curate a mobile exhibition to support talks/events for those involved in government, policy-making and campaigning now, enhancing historical awareness of the nature of change over the last 50 years.