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Displacement and modern slavery: Syrian agricultural labour under lockdown

流离失所和现代奴隶制：叙利亚农业劳动力被封锁

基本信息

批准号：
AH/V009087/1
负责人：
Ann-Christin Zuntz
金额：
$ 11.59万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FV009087%2F1
关键词：
Displacement modern slavery Syrian agricultural

项目摘要

For displaced Syrian communities in the Middle East, COVID-19 is not only a health crisis, but also an economic crisis. With no financial safety net, Syrian refugees working in farming are especially vulnerable to price hikes of food and public transport. Yet, we do not know how the pandemic has reshaped exploitative working conditions, and whether and how a bigger pool of cheap labour, the loss of jobs and humanitarian assistance increase Syrians' vulnerability to modern slavery during and after the pandemic. We need to understand how the social relations that underpin refugee labour, and bind displaced Syrians to middlemen and employers, are reorganised when global agricultural supply chains are interrupted by COVID-19 related border closures, and workers' mobility is restricted by local lockdowns.This project brings together a multidisciplinary team of academics from the University of Edinburgh, and Syrian and Turkish academics and practitioners from our partners CARA Syria Programme and Development Workshop. Together, we have extensive experience with conducting policy-oriented ethnographic research with Syrian refugees in the Middle East. Our project investigates how humanitarian solutions could mitigate the impact of COVID-19 measures on displaced Syrians' vulnerability to modern slavery in agriculture in northern Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Through our partners' trusted networks, our team reaches displaced people outside big cities and official camps, including in remote rural areas. In each study country, Syrian academic partners will conduct remote interviews with twenty displaced Syrian farmworkers, five agricultural middlemen and five farm owners. All study participants will also share pictures and videos of their living and working conditions. These remote "work diaries" will yield insights into respondents' daily routines, and the affective, social and cultural dimensions of work. Our Syrian academic partners will collect data using WhatsApp, a programme that most displaced Syrians are familiar with because they use it to stay in touch with loved ones and NGOs.Through co-designing the research, and co-producing outputs, we aim to formulate practical and culturally sensitive humanitarian solutions to tackle modern slavery. The lack of a coordinated aid response at the regional level has turned Middle Eastern countries into a laboratory for fostering refugees' economic self-reliance. But refugee livelihoods programmes have had limited success because of their narrow economic focus, and because they fail to address displaced people's lack of rights. This research will reformulate the question: instead of producing more (exploitative) jobs for refugees in the Global South, how could humanitarian action create decent jobs, and, by extension, healthier and dignified lives? In the short term, our research will provide recommendations to frontline aid providers about how to tailor emergency aid to the conditions of refugee workers, and urge policymakers to extend support currently reserved for citizens. In the longer term, our research will inform humanitarian livelihood programmes to help refugees transition into decent employment, make them more resilient to economic shocks, and thus less vulnerable to modern slavery. We recognize the power of individual stories, and their appeal to non-academic audiences. To minimize risks to refugees' privacy, case studies will be shared in a graphic novel. Through documenting Syrians' complex experiences of suffering, resistance and solidarity, the graphic novel will be a counter-point to victimising representations of refugees, and inspire more realistic portrayals in humanitarian marketing, the media, and academic writing and teaching. In the long-term, our findings will inform advocacy aimed at policymakers that acknowledges displaced Syrians' contribution to host countries' economies, and strengthen their protection not only as refugees, but also as workers.

对于中东流离失所的叙利亚社区来说，新冠肺炎不仅是一场健康危机，更是一场经济危机。由于没有金融安全网，从事农业工作的叙利亚难民特别容易受到食品和公共交通价格上涨的影响。然而，我们不知道大流行如何重塑了剥削性的工作条件，以及在大流行期间和之后，更多的廉价劳动力、失业和人道主义援助是否以及如何增加了叙利亚人对现代奴隶制的脆弱性。我们需要了解，当全球农业供应链因与新冠肺炎有关的边境关闭而中断，工人的流动受到当地封锁的限制时，支撑难民劳工、将流离失所的叙利亚人与中间人和雇主捆绑在一起的社会关系是如何重组的。这个项目汇集了爱丁堡大学的一个多学科团队，以及我们的合作伙伴CARA叙利亚计划和发展研讨会的叙利亚和土耳其学者和实践者。总之，我们在对中东的叙利亚难民进行以政策为导向的民族志研究方面拥有丰富的经验。我们的项目调查人道主义解决方案如何减轻新冠肺炎措施对流离失所的叙利亚人在叙利亚北部、约旦、黎巴嫩和土耳其农业现代奴隶制中的脆弱性的影响。通过我们合作伙伴值得信赖的网络，我们的团队接触到大城市和官方营地以外的流离失所者，包括偏远农村地区。在每个研究国家，叙利亚学术合作伙伴将对20名流离失所的叙利亚农场工人、5名农业中间人和5名农场业主进行远程访谈。所有研究参与者还将分享他们生活和工作条件的图片和视频。这些远程“工作日记”将深入了解受访者的日常生活，以及工作的情感、社会和文化层面。我们的叙利亚学术合作伙伴将使用WhatsApp收集数据，这是一个大多数流离失所的叙利亚人都熟悉的程序，因为他们使用它与亲人和非政府组织保持联系。通过共同设计这项研究，并共同制作成果，我们的目标是制定实用的、具有文化敏感性的人道主义解决方案，以解决现代奴隶制问题。区域一级缺乏协调一致的援助反应，使中东国家成为培养难民经济自力更生能力的实验室。但是，难民生计方案的成功有限，因为它们的经济重点有限，而且它们未能解决流离失所者缺乏权利的问题。这项研究将重新阐述这个问题：人道主义行动如何才能创造体面的就业机会，进而创造更健康和有尊严的生活，而不是为全球南部的难民创造更多(剥削性的)就业机会？短期内，我们的研究将向一线援助提供者提供建议，建议如何根据难民工人的条件量身定做紧急援助，并敦促政策制定者延长目前为公民保留的支持。从长远来看，我们的研究将为人道主义生计方案提供信息，帮助难民过渡到体面的工作，使他们更能抵御经济冲击，从而不那么容易受到现代奴隶制的伤害。我们认识到个别故事的力量，以及它们对非学术受众的吸引力。为了将难民隐私面临的风险降至最低，案例研究将以图画小说的形式分享。通过记录叙利亚人痛苦、抵抗和团结的复杂经历，这部漫画小说将成为对难民受害表现的对立面，并激发人道主义营销、媒体、学术写作和教学中更多的现实主义写照。从长远来看，我们的发现将有助于针对政策制定者的倡导，承认流离失所的叙利亚人对东道国经济的贡献，并加强对他们的保护，不仅是作为难民，也是作为工人。