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Understanding resistance to decrease risk of severe phoma stem canker on oilseed rape

了解抗性以降低油菜严重茎腐病风险

基本信息

批准号：
BB/I017585/2
负责人：
Bruce Fitt
金额：
$ 62万
依托单位：
University of Hertfordshire
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FI017585%2F2
关键词：
Understanding resistance decrease risk severe

项目摘要

Use of host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly way to control plant diseases. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important arable crop in the UK. The disease phoma stem canker, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, poses an increasing threat to sustainable production of this crop. In the UK, phoma stem canker cause losses of > £100M p.a., despite use of fungicides. These losses will increase if the most effective fungicides are no longer permitted by EU legislation. Furthermore, it is predicted that global warming will continue to increase the range and severity of phoma stem canker epidemics. There is thus a challenge to produce cultivars with effective resistance in a changing climate to contribute to national food security. This project aims to decrease future risk of severe phoma stem canker on oilseed rape by developing a scheme for effective use of host resistance and by improving understanding of operation of host resistance against the pathogen to guide resistance breeding. The two types of resistance to L. maculans identified in B. napus are major resistance (R) gene mediated qualitative resistance that operates in cotyledons and leaves in autumn and quantitative resistance that operates in leaf stalk and stem tissues, after initial leaf infection until harvest in summer. R gene mediated resistance to L. maculans is single-gene race-specific resistance that is effective in protecting plants only if the corresponding avirulent allele is predominant in the local L. maculans population. R gene resistance often loses its effectiveness in 2 to 3 years after widespread use in commercial cultivars because of changes in L. maculans populations. To maintain the effectiveness of R gene resistance and decrease the risk that it will become ineffective, races in L. maculans populations in different regions will be determined. The L. maculans race information will be used to develop a scheme for deployment of cultivars with different R genes in space and time. Previous work at Rothamsted showed that temperature influences the effectiveness of both R gene resistance and quantitative resistance against L. maculans. To identify effective resistance in oilseed rape that will operate against L. maculans in a changing climate, this project will assess effectiveness of different types of resistance in both in controlled environments and natural conditions. Cultivars with only R genes, only quantitative resistance or combinations of R gene & quantitative resistance will be tested in different environments. From the results, we can assess which R gene or which combination of resistance is more effective. This information can be used to improve breeding strategies. To understand how temperature influences the effectiveness of host resistance, this project will focus on the three R genes which show a differential response to temperature; two of them map in the same region on chromosome A10 at distinct loci. To investigate mechanisms of operation of R gene and quantitative resistance against L. maculans, sets of materials with these R genes in the same background or the same R gene in different backgrounds will be used. These materials will enable us to investigate whether the difference in temperature response between these three R genes is due to the resistance loci or host background. Results from this project will help to minimise the risk of severe epidemics on oilseed rape so that yields are maintained to contribute to national food security and avoid unnecessary fungicide use. Breeders will benefit from improved strategies for breeding cultivars with effective disease resistance. The environment will also benefit from reduced greenhouse gas emissions through improved disease control in oilseed rape.

利用寄主抗性是防治植物病害最有效、最环保的方法。油菜（Brassica napus）是英国重要的种植作物。由斑点细球腔菌（Leptosphaeria maculans）引起的茎溃疡病（Phoma stem canker）对该作物的可持续生产构成越来越大的威胁。在英国，茎点霉茎溃疡每年造成的损失超过1亿英镑，尽管使用了杀真菌剂。如果欧盟立法不再允许使用最有效的杀菌剂，这些损失将增加。此外，据预测，全球变暖将继续增加茎点霉茎溃疡病流行的范围和严重程度。因此，在培育对气候变化具有有效抵抗力的品种以促进国家粮食安全方面存在挑战。本项目旨在通过制定有效利用宿主抗性的方案，提高对宿主抗性对病原菌的认识，指导抗性育种，以降低未来油菜茎溃疡病的严重风险。对L.在B中鉴定出斑点。甘蓝型油菜的主要抗性基因是由R基因介导的质量抗性和数量抗性，前者在秋季作用于子叶和叶片，后者在初侵染后至夏季收获时作用于叶柄和茎组织。R基因介导的对L.斑枯病是单基因小种特异性抗性，只有当相应的无毒等位基因在当地L. maculans人口。R基因抗性在推广应用后2 ~ 3年内，由于L. maculans populations.为了保持R基因抗性的有效性，降低其失效的风险，L.将确定不同地区的黄斑种群。洛杉矶maculans小种信息将用于开发在空间和时间上部署具有不同R基因的品种的方案。Rothamsted先前的工作表明，温度影响对L的R基因抗性和数量抗性的有效性。斑点。鉴定油菜对L.该项目将评估不同类型的抗性在受控环境和自然条件下的有效性。在不同的环境中，将只检测R基因、只检测数量抗性或R基因与数量抗性组合的品种。从结果中，我们可以评估哪种R基因或哪种抗性组合更有效。这些信息可用于改进育种策略。为了了解温度如何影响宿主抗性的有效性，该项目将重点关注对温度表现出差异反应的三个R基因;其中两个在染色体A10的同一区域的不同位点上定位。研究抗白叶枯病菌R基因的作用机制和数量抗性。对于斑色素，将使用在相同背景中具有这些R基因或在不同背景中具有相同R基因的材料组。这些材料将使我们能够调查这三个R基因之间的温度响应差异是否是由于抗性位点或宿主背景。该项目的结果将有助于最大限度地降低油菜严重流行病的风险，从而保持产量，为国家粮食安全做出贡献，并避免不必要的杀菌剂使用。育种者将受益于改进的策略，培育具有有效抗病性的品种。通过改善油菜病害控制，减少温室气体排放，也将使环境受益。