Effects of environmental change: increased nematode pest status on UK crops.

环境变化的影响：英国农作物线虫害虫状况增加。

• 批准号: BB/J015563/1
• 负责人: Peter Urwin
• 金额: $ 79.86万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ015563%2F1
• 关键词: Effects; environmental; change; increased; nematode

Plant parasitic nematodes are important, economic, agricultural pests. They cause crop damage both directly as a result of their feeding and as viral vectors of diseases such as spraing on potatoes. Plant parasitic nematodes can be classified as either sedentary e.g. potato and beet cyst nematodes and root knot nematodes, or free-living e.g. stubby root and needle nematodes. Nematicides have historically been used to control nematode problems but have tended to be broad spectrum and relatively persistent. Legislation has already resulted in the recent loss of two major nematicides in response to the environmental concerns that their use raised. Amendments to relevant EU directives will cause loss from the market of the three remaining nematicides with limited prospects for safe alternatives becoming available. The loss of nematicide control and potential changes in climate present a dire situation for many British growers.Climate change is predicted to increase summer temperatures in the UK by 2.4-4 oC and alter rainfall patterns with summers predicted to be drier by 30% (a median value from several climate models). Climate change could result in increased economic damage caused by nematodes that are already prevalent in the UK. Higher soil temperatures will increase the rate of development of plant parasitic nematodes resulting in greater multiplication of some and hence more damage to host crops. Earlier maturity of potato cyst nematodes may influence the proportion of the second generation that enters a period of dormancy, allowing greater re-infection of the crop within a growing season. The number of generations of beet cyst nematodes may also increase. The impact of cyst nematodes is enhanced when crops must also withstand the abiotic stress of dry soils as reported for potato, beet and other crops. Climate change may cause nematode species that are prevalent, but infrequently damaging in the UK, to become important agronomic pests. Dry soils are detrimental to control of cereal cyst nematodes. They are normally under natural control from fungi but this suppression is reduced in dry summers because some of their fungal enemies infect nematodes with zoospores that require high soil moisture levels for their activity. This risks damage to the next cereal crop from an increase in overwintering population levels of cereal cyst nematodes. Changes in rainfall will also impact on those free-living nematodes that attack plants. For instance, high soil moisture enhances the activity of trichodorids and longidorids close to the soil surface leading to seedling damage as in Docking disorder of sugar beet.Increased temperatures could lead to a greater threat from nematode species that are recorded rarely (but when found are present in high numbers) becoming widespread in the UK. There is a risk that alien species of root-knot nematodes, that are abundant elsewhere in Europe, can become established pests as UK soils warm. In this work, nematologists will collect the biological information necessary for a climate impacts modeller to integrate the new information with that already available to predict increased risks from nematode pests of UK agriculture as climate change continues. Simulation models of UK nematode populations will be developed and tested using primary data relating soil temperature and moisture to nematode development, multiplication rates and crop damage. The model will be refined and tested using secondary biological data prior to being used with the UKCP09 climate data to project the risk of future nematode occurrence. Resolution will be to 25km2 and be related to soil type. The insights gained will be used to develop pest management strategies to mitigate the impact of changes in nematode pest status. This is necessary given chemical control of nematodes as used widely in the past is unlikely to be available to growers following changes in EU legislation.

植物寄生线虫是重要的农业经济害虫。它们直接由于其取食和作为疾病的病毒载体（如马铃薯上的喷雾）而造成作物损害。植物寄生线虫可分为定居型（如马铃薯和甜菜胞囊线虫和根结线虫）和自由生活型（如根线虫和针线虫）。杀线虫剂历来用于控制线虫问题，但往往是广谱和相对持久的。立法已经导致最近两种主要杀线虫剂的损失，以应对其使用引起的环境问题。对欧盟相关指令的修订将导致剩余三种杀线虫剂从市场上消失，而安全替代品的前景有限。杀线虫剂控制的丧失和气候的潜在变化给许多英国种植者带来了可怕的处境。气候变化预计将使英国夏季气温升高2.4-4 oC，并改变降雨模式，预计夏季将干燥30%（几个气候模型的中值）。气候变化可能会导致已经在英国流行的线虫造成的经济损失增加。较高的土壤温度会增加植物寄生线虫的发育速度，导致某些线虫的繁殖增加，从而对宿主作物造成更大的损害。马铃薯胞囊线虫的早熟可能会影响进入休眠期的第二代的比例，从而使作物在生长季节内更容易再次感染。甜菜胞囊线虫的世代数也可能增加。当作物还必须承受干旱土壤的非生物压力时，孢囊线虫的影响就更大了，据报道，马铃薯、甜菜和其他作物也是如此。气候变化可能导致线虫物种普遍存在，但在英国很少造成损害，成为重要的农艺害虫。干燥的土壤不利于控制谷物胞囊线虫。它们通常受到真菌的自然控制，但这种抑制在干燥的夏天减少，因为它们的一些真菌敌人感染了游动孢子的线虫，这些游动孢子需要高土壤湿度才能活动。这有可能损害下一个谷物作物，因为谷物孢囊线虫越冬种群水平的增加。降雨量的变化也会影响那些攻击植物的自由生活的线虫。例如，高土壤湿度增强了接近土壤表面的线虫和长线虫的活动，导致甜菜对接障碍中的幼苗受损。温度升高可能会导致线虫物种的更大威胁，这些线虫物种很少被记录（但当发现大量存在时）在英国变得广泛。随着英国土壤变暖，欧洲其他地方大量存在的外来根结线虫物种可能成为既定的害虫。在这项工作中，生物学家将收集必要的生物信息，气候影响建模，整合新的信息与现有的预测风险增加的线虫害虫的英国农业，随着气候变化的继续。英国线虫种群的模拟模型将开发和测试使用有关土壤温度和湿度的线虫发展，繁殖率和作物损害的主要数据。在与UKCP 09气候数据一起使用之前，将使用次级生物数据对模型进行改进和测试，以预测未来线虫发生的风险。分辨率将达到25平方公里，并与土壤类型有关。所获得的见解将用于制定害虫管理战略，以减轻线虫害虫状况变化的影响。这是必要的，因为随着欧盟立法的变化，过去广泛使用的线虫化学防治不太可能提供给种植者。

项目成果

The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the basis of parasitism and virulence.

• DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0985-1
• 发表时间: 2016-06-10
• 期刊: Genome biology
• 影响因子: 12.3
• 作者: Eves-van den Akker S;Laetsch DR;Thorpe P;Lilley CJ;Danchin EG;Da Rocha M;Rancurel C;Holroyd NE;Cotton JA;Szitenberg A;Grenier E;Montarry J;Mimee B;Duceppe MO;Boyes I;Marvin JM;Jones LM;Yusup HB;Lafond-Lapalme J;Esquibet M;Sabeh M;Rott M;Overmars H;Finkers-Tomczak A;Smant G;Koutsovoulos G;Blok V;Mantelin S;Cock PJ;Phillips W;Henrissat B;Urwin PE;Blaxter M;Jones JT
• 通讯作者: Jones JT

Duplication of hsp-110 Is Implicated in Differential Success of Globodera Species under Climate Change.

• DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy132
• 发表时间: 2018-10-01
• 期刊: Molecular biology and evolution
• 影响因子: 10.7
• 作者: Jones LM;Eves-van den Akker S;van-Oosten Hawle P;Atkinson HJ;Urwin PE
• 通讯作者: Urwin PE