CARBON RECYCLING: CONVERTING WASTE DERIVED GHG INTO CHEMICALS, FUELS AND ANIMAL FEED (CCnet).

继续使用化石燃料是站不住脚的。作为一种有限的资源，它们的开采、加工和开采会造成环境污染，并以二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的形式增加温室气体(GHG)排放。在世界范围内，自1750年工业革命开始以来，净排放量增加了约40%，其中大部分发生在最近，即1990年至2010年期间增加了35%。温室气体排放是气候变化的驱动因素。因此，在过去的50年里，随着极地冰盖的融化和降雪量的普遍减少，平均气温和海洋温度急剧上升。这些变化导致干旱和热浪、洪水、热带气旋和飓风、更极端的降水事件和海平面上升的频率增加。后者威胁着沿海社区(世界上10个最大的城市中有8个靠近海岸)甚至整个低洼岛国(如马尔代夫)的持续存在，而前者正在造成破坏性的野火、农作物歉收和供水不足。对农业活动的极端影响加剧了人类面临的主要挑战之一--人口规模的增加。因此，全球人口已从1800年的10亿增长到2018年的76.16亿，预计到2100年将达到112亿。世界正处于十字路口。面对气候变化的破坏性力量，我们如何养活世界上迅速增长的人口？同样重要的是，如何通过寻找新的方法来从化石燃料以外的来源生产社会所需的化学品和燃料，从而防止进一步的温室气体排放。目的和目的：一个统一的解决方案是使用导致该问题的非常单一的碳(C1)温室气体作为化学、燃料和食品生产的基础。这是因为存在能够利用二氧化碳和甲烷中的碳，并将其转化为我们所需的化学物质，甚至可以制造单细胞蛋白(SCP)的“食气”细菌，这些单细胞蛋白可以用来喂养牲畜所依赖的乳制品和肉类。大多数微生物生长在糖上，比如用来酿造啤酒和葡萄酒的酵母。但在这个研究人员社区中被调查的细菌消耗单一的碳气体，如二氧化碳和甲烷。由BBSRC和EPSRC建立的碳循环网络(CCnet)的目的是开发所需的生物过程，以循环温室气体中的碳，并将其转化为我们所需的化学和食物资源。成功将需要许多不同科学领域的参与，以设计、测试和建立所需的生物过程。如果要取得突破，将需要生物学家、化学家、工程师和数学的共同努力。至关重要的是，要开发的系统及其最终的运行将需要社会科学家的参与，以确保以负责任的方式开展工作，不会对人类或地球造成不可预见的后果。至关重要的是，它将需要业界的参与，他们能够采纳开发的想法和流程，并将它们转化为现实世界的解决方案。ApplicATIONS和BENEFITSCCnet将成为所需的学术和工业研究人员的焦点，他们共同努力可以让我们生活的世界变得更好。它将培训和通知年轻的研究人员，举行讨论和制定计划中的实验所需的会议、讲习班和论坛。最好的概念将获得种子玉米资金，以检验所做的假设，并收集所需的数据，以吸引将其想法转化为现实世界所需的更大金额的资金。通过这种大学方式，并通过与工业界的合作，CCnet将会有所不同。它将有助于减少温室气体排放，帮助英国实现其目标，并可持续地生产我们的社会和世界所需的化学品和燃料。

CONTEXTThe continued use of fossil fuels is no longer tenable. A finite resource, their extraction, processing and exploitation results in environmental pollution and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Worldwide, net emissions have increased about 40 percent since the Industrial Revolution began in 1750, the majority of which has taken place in recent times, ie., 35 percent between 1990 and 2010. GHG emissions are the drivers of climate change. Thus, over the last 50 years average air and sea temperatures have risen dramatically, concomitant with melting of the polar ice caps and a general reduction in snow. These changes are resulting in increased frequencies of droughts and heat waves, flooding, tropical cyclones and hurricanes, more extreme precipitation events and rising sea levels. The latter threaten the continued existence of coastal communities (8 of the 10 largest cities in the world are near a coast) and even entire low-lying island nations such as the Maldives, while the former are causing destructive wildfires, failed crops, and low water supplies. The extreme effects on agricultural activity exacerbate one of the major challenges facing humankind - increases in population size. Thus, the global human population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.616 billion in 2018 and is predicted to 11.2 billion by 2100. The world is at a crossroads. How can we feed the world's burgeoning population in the face of the destructive forces of climate change? Equally important, how can prevent further GHG emissions by finding new ways to make the chemicals and fuels society needs from a source other than fossil fuels. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.A unifying solution is to use the very single carbon (C1) GHGs that are causing the problem as the building block for chemical, fuel and food manufacture. This is made possible by the existence of 'gas-eating' bacteria that can use the carbon in CO2 and CH4, and convert it to the chemicals we need, and even to make single cell protein (SCP) that can be used to feed the dairy and meat livestock humankind rely on. Most microbes grow on sugar, such as the yeast used to make beer and wine. But the bacteria under investigation in this community of researchers consume single carbon gases, such as CO2 and CH4.Funded by the BBSRC and EPSRC, it is the purpose of the Carbon reCycling Network (CCnet) to develop the biological processes required to recycle the carbon in GHG and convert it into the chemical and food resources we need. Success will require the participation of many different fields of science to design, test and build the biological processes needed. It will require the amalgamated efforts of biologists, chemists, engineers and mathematics if the breakthroughs are to be made. Crucially, the systems to be developed and their eventual operation will require the involvement of social scientists to ensure that the work undertaken is performed in a responsible way and there are no un-thought of consequences to humankind or the planet. Crucially it will need the involvement of industry who can take on the ideas and processes developed and turn them into real world solutions.APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITSCCnet will act as the focus for the academic and industrial researchers needed who together can change the world we live in for the better. It will train and inform young reseachers, hold the meetings, workshops and forums needed to discuss and formulate planned experiments. The best concepts will receive seed corn funding to test the assumptions made and to amass the data need to attract the larger sums of money needed to translate their ideas into the real world. Through this collegiate approach, and by working with industry, CCnet will make a difference. It will help reduce GHG emissions, helping the UK to meet its targets, and sustainably generate the chemicals and fuels our society and the world needs.