SPICE: Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering

SPICE：用于气候工程的平流层粒子注入

基本信息

批准号：
EP/I01473X/1
负责人：
Matthew Watson
金额：
$ 205.04万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FI01473X%2F1
关键词：
SPICE Stratospheric Particle Injection Climate

项目摘要

Climate change is a major threat to humankind. Observational evidence for warming of the climate system is very strong, based on increased temperatures, sea level rise and widespread melting of snow and ice. Future projections by climate models indicate substantial changes in future decades, much of which is on a regional scale that will severely impact regions of the world that are already under stress.There has been much improved understanding of the serious nature of the global warming problem both by politicians and the general public in recent years. However, there is great concern that efforts to mitigate future change by reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including the outcome of the international meeting in Copenhagen 2009, are proceeding too slowly to avoid the risk of dangerous climate change and the possibility of certain 'tipping points' (such as the collapse of the Indian Monsoon of melting of the Artic ice sheet) being reached. This has prompted consideration of intervention by alternative means. Although considered by the majority to be the 'Plan B' that should be avoided if at all possible, there is increased consensus that the benefits, risks, costs and feasibility of this as an option requires consideration.A variety of 'geoengineering' options have been proposed, including solar radiation management (SRM) which involves offsetting the effects of GHG increases by causing the Earth to absorb less radiation from the Sun. Reducing incoming solar radiation by injecting sulphate aerosol into the stratosphere was considered the most rapidly deployable, affordable and effective option by the recent Royal Society report on Geoengineering the Climate. Volcanic eruptions provide evidence that sulphate particle injection leads to reductions in globally-averaged surface temperatures. However, there are concerns that there will be substantial regional impacts, on temperatures, rainfall and other aspects of climate. There are also uncertainties concerning timescales e.g. how rapidly injection might act, how quickly it could be 'turned off' and whether the climate responds differently to continued injection of aerosols compared with the episodic nature of volcanic eruptions.In terms of geo-engineering, the natural volcanic analogue of sulphate particle injection may not be optimum in terms of radiation management, and there may be better candidate particles for injection. Related to this, there are significant issues of cost and feasibility of injecting candidate particles into the stratosphere and the sustainability of particular injection technologies that require much further investigation.The SPICE project will investigate the effectiveness of stratospheric particle injection. It will address the three grand challenges in solar radiation management: 1. How much, of what, needs to be injected where into the atmosphere to effectively and safely manage the climate system? 2. How do we deliver it there? 3. What are the likely impacts? These questions are addressed through 3 coordinated and inter-linked work packages:Evaluating candidate particles: What is the 'perfect' particle, that maximizes solar radiation scattering, minimizes the greenhouse effect and the impact on the stratospheric ozone layer and has minimal impact on climate, weather, ecosystems and human health?Delivery Systems: What are the various options for delivery of particles? What is the feasibility of using a tethered-balloon pipe to inject particles and/or gases into the stratosphere in a more cost-effective and sustainable way than alternative methods?Climate and environmental modelling: What are the most effective locations for injection? How can we best use past volcanic analogues? What are the climate and environmental impacts of stratospheric particles?

气候变化是对人类的主要威胁。基于温度升高，海平面上升和雪和冰的广泛融化，对气候系统变暖的观察证据非常强。气候模型的未来预测表明，未来几十年的发生重大变化，其中大部分在区域范围内将严重影响已经处于压力的世界地区。近年来，政治人物和普通公众对全球变暖问题的严重性的理解得到了极大的了解。但是，人们非常担心通过减少温室气体（GHG）的排放来减轻未来变化的努力，包括2009年哥本哈根国际会议的结果，进行得太慢，以免避免危险气候变化的风险以及某些“小费点”的可能性（例如，印度冰冰计划融化的崩溃）已到达。这促使人们考虑了替代手段的干预。尽管大多数人认为是“计划B”，如果可能的话，应该避免的，但提出了一种选择的好处，风险，成本和可行性，需要考虑。已经提出了各种“地理工程”选项，包括太阳辐射管理（SRM），包括涉及通过使GHG效果远离地球的效果，使地接地的效果增加，而越来越多地散发出地球的辐射。通过将硫酸盐气溶胶注入平流层，可以减少传入的太阳辐射，这是最近皇家学会关于气候的皇家学会报告，被认为是最快的，负担得起和有效的选择。火山喷发提供了证据，表明硫酸盐颗粒注射会导致全球平均表面温度的降低。但是，人们担心将对温度，降雨和气候其他方面产生重大的区域影响。关于时间尺度的不确定性，例如与火山喷发的情节性质相比，注射的行动可能迅速，可以“关闭”的速度“关闭”以及对持续注入气溶胶的反应不同。在地理工程的术语中，硫酸盐颗粒的天然火山粒子类似物在辐射管理方面可能不是最佳的，并且在辐射管理方面可能不是最佳的。与此相关的是，将候选颗粒注入平流层以及需要进一步研究的特定注入技术的可持续性存在重大问题。香料项目将研究平流层注入的有效性。它将解决太阳辐射管理中的三个宏伟挑战：1。要注入多少需要在大气中注射多少，以有效，安全地管理气候系统？ 2。我们如何在那里运送它？ 3。可能的影响是什么？这些问题通过3个协调和链接的工作包解决：评估候选粒子：什么是“完美”粒子，最大化太阳辐射散射，最小化温室效应以及对平流层臭氧层的影响，并且对气候，天气，天气，生态系统和人类健康系统的影响最小？与替代方法相比，使用束缚式波隆管以更具成本效益和可持续性的方式将颗粒和/或气体注入平流层的可行性是什么？气候和环境建模：注射最有效的位置是什么？我们如何最好地使用过去的火山类似物？平流层颗粒的气候和环境影响是什么？

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Impacts of Stratospheric Sulfate Geoengineering on Global Solar Photovoltaic and Concentrating Solar Power Resource

DOI：
10.1175/jamc-d-16-0298.1
发表时间：
2017-05
期刊：
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
影响因子：
3
作者：
Christopher;-J.;Smith;Julia;-A.;Crook;R. Crook;Lawrence;-S.;Jackson;Scott;-M.;Osprey;Piers;FORSTERa
通讯作者：
Christopher;-J.;Smith;Julia;-A.;Crook;R. Crook;Lawrence;-S.;Jackson;Scott;-M.;Osprey;Piers;FORSTERa

Optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy of solid particles.

DOI：
10.1039/c4cp00994k
发表时间：
2014-05
期刊：
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP
影响因子：
0
作者：
L. Rkiouak;Mingjin Tang;Mingjin Tang;J. Camp;James McGregor;I. M. Watson;R. Anthony Cox;Markus Kalberer;Andrew D. Ward;F. D. Pope
通讯作者：
L. Rkiouak;Mingjin Tang;Mingjin Tang;J. Camp;James McGregor;I. M. Watson;R. Anthony Cox;Markus Kalberer;Andrew D. Ward;F. D. Pope

Asymmetric forcing from stratospheric aerosols impacts Sahelian rainfall