FAMILY STRESS AND CONFLICT: THE "TERRIBLE TWOS"

拟议的调查探讨了发展中的主要问题， 早期的家庭关系和维持或 在蹒跚学步的孩子 对自主性的发展规范性追求可以预期会强调 家庭制度和家庭成员之间的冲突。 具体来说， 调查将1）长期稳定和变化， 在孩子的第二个家庭中和谐的人际交往 2）确定发生率最高的家庭系统; 家庭成员之间的厌恶互动的强度增加， 减少，或保持稳定在这个发展时期; 3）评估 社会生态的“前因条件” 在“可怕的两个”开始之前的家庭;和4）确定 无论“近端应力的条件”（例如，日常的烦恼和情绪） 影响家庭日常互动过程， 个人、关系和社会发展过程中的连续性/不连续性 家庭发展。 这项研究是一项前瞻性的纵向研究， 家庭养育儿子从身体一岁到 三岁生日。 将收集访谈和观察数据 关于“先行设置条件”在婴儿第一结束 年的生活。 两个两小时的家庭观察将在 在孩子的第二年和第三年， 生活，与父母的日常麻烦和情绪评估之前，发病 每一个观察 最后，个体差异的功能， 儿童将在36个月大时接受评估。 结果 会增加我们对家庭的理解 在一个特别突出的发展时期的关系， 可能会增加发展性精神病理学的模型。

The proposed investigation explores major issues in the development of early family relationships and the contextual conditions that maintain or deflect developmental trajectories during the period when a toddler's developmentally normative quest for autonomy can be expected to stress the family system and create conflict among family members. Specifically, this investigation will 1) chronical stability and change in conflicted and harmonious interpersonal exchanges in the family during the child's second and third year of life; 2) identify family systems in which the incidence and intensity of aversive interactions between family members increase, decrease, or remain stable across this developmental period; 3) assess those 'antecedent setting conditions" which characterize the social ecology of the family prior to the onset of the "terrible twos"; and 4) determine whether "conditions of proximal stress" (e.g., daily hassles and mood) influences family interaction processes on a day-to-day basis contributing to continuity/discontinuity in the process of individual, relationship, and family development. The proposed research involves a prospective longitudinal study of 150 families rearing sons from the time the body are one year of age through their third birthdays. Interview and observational data will be gathered regarding "antecedent setting conditions" at the end of the infants first year of life. A pair of two hour home observations will be conducted at four evenly spaced intervals during the child's second the third years of life, with parental daily hassles and mood assessed prior to the onset of each observation. Finally, individual differences in the functioning of children will be assessed when children are 36 months of age. Findings from this investigation will increase our understanding of family relationships across a particularly salient developmental period and potentially add to growing models of developmental psychopathology.