Minerals for Sustainable COst and energy efficient chemical looping combUstion Technology

化学循环燃烧旨在通过从固体氧气载体而不是从空气中提供燃烧所需的氧气来减少碳捕获系统中的能源损失。这意味着燃烧产物不会被氮气稀释，因此可以很容易地收集纯二氧化碳以供后续存储(即CCS)。氧气载体通常由固体氧化物组成，这些氧化物可以通过与燃料(如CH4、CO或H2)直接反应或通过释放气相氧气与燃料反应(有时称为Clou效应)来释放其氧气(从而成为还原的金属氧化物)。对于固体燃料，需要成本低、能够充分燃烧并通过快速释放气态氧加强气化的材料)。这种材料已经被开发用于基于气体的系统，但对于基于煤炭的系统来说太昂贵了，因为那里的材料损失更高(与灰烬一起损失)。一些实验室制备的Fe-Cu和Fe-Mn成分已显示出所需的铜效应。除了昂贵的人造材料，需要用可比的成分来确定廉价的矿物来源，这些成分可以进行准备、测试和验证，以满足CLC过程的要求。所选择的矿物需要有足够的反应速度和能力、低降解率和高磨耗强度，如果可能，它应该加强气化，包括完全转化为CO2和H_2O。天然来源的Fe-Cu和Fe-Mn成分可能有很大的变化，经常与不同的硅酸盐等混合。硅酸盐等可能作为活性铁基材料的载体，例如提高颗粒强度。然而，相同的硅酸盐可能会减少或影响容量的退化，这取决于存在的硅酸盐的类型。其他杂质也可能带来挑战，例如有毒金属的污染。因此，对不同的材料来源进行调查，并选择最符合《中图法》对流通材料的要求的矿源，是矿产侦察项目必不可少的第一步。这项建议的目的是在向《中图法》社区的合作伙伴介绍一种或两种有前景的新矿源之前，就上述标准调查一些成分与制成品相似的新矿源的性能。

Chemical looping combustion aims to reduce the energy penalty in carbon capture systems by providing the oxygen for combustion from a solid oxygen carrier rather than from air. This means that the products of combustion are not diluted with nitrogen and allows pure CO2 to be easily collected for subsequent storage (i.e. CCS). The oxygen carrier usually consists of solid oxides which can give up their oxygen (and so become a reduced metal oxide) either by direct reaction with the fuel (e.g. CH4, CO or H2) or by releasing gas phase oxygen which can then react with the fuel (sometime call the CLOU effect). For solid fuels, materials are required which are low cost and can give full combustion and enhanced gasification by fast gaseous oxygen release). Such materials have been developed for gas based system but are too expensive for coal based systems where material losses are higher (lost with the ashes). Some laboratory made Fe-Cu and Fe-Mn compositions have shown the needed CLOU effect. In place of expensive manufactured materials, cheap mineral sources need to be identified with a comparable composition, which can be prepared, tested and verified to fulfil the demands of a CLC process. The mineral selected needs to have a sufficient reaction rate and capacity, low degradation and high attrition strength, and if possible, it should give enhanced gasification, including full conversion to CO2 and H2O.Natural sources can have large variations in Fe-Cu and Fe-Mn composition and are often mixed with different silicates etc. The silicates etc. might work as a support for the active Fe based material, e.g. enhancing the particle strength. However, the same silicates might reduce or influence the degradation of the capacity, depending on the type of silicate present. Other impurities may also pose challenges, e.g. contamination with toxic metals. This investigation into the different sources of material and selection of the sources which best match the demands CLC places on the circulating material is therefore an essential first step in the Mineral SCOUT project.The aim of this proposal is to investigate the performance of some new mineral sources with similar compositions to the manufactured materials with respect to the aforementioned criteria, before introducing one or two new promising minerals sources to partners in the CLC community.