Newton Fund: Developing an International Trade and Shipping Database and a Study on Port and Shipping Efficiency

有大量的文献强调运输成本和基础设施在决定贸易流量方面的重要性，并通过经济发展的相关性(Clark， Dollar和Micco (2004)， Limao和Venables （2001)， Martinez-Zarzoso和Suárez-Burguet(2005)）。随着巴西贸易自由化程度的提高（2012年实施的关税税率是1989年水平的25%），运输成本成为与巴西出口增长相关的最突出的非人为贸易壁垒：从巴西出口一个集装箱的成本是经合组织国家的两倍，几乎是拉丁美洲和加勒比国家平均水平的两倍。出口一件商品需要13天6个文件，比经合组织国家多2天2个文件。其中3天用于港口和码头处理，每批货物的固定成本为500美元，是德国港口成本的两倍。类似的数量也适用于进口程序（世界银行营商环境报告（2014））。由于巴西80%以上的出口是通过海上运输的（工业发展和对外贸易部（2010）），而在所有基础设施指标中，港口效率似乎对贸易的影响最大（Nordas和Piermartini(2004)），因此改善港口基础设施和降低航运成本的必要性与通过出口增长实现发展有着内在的联系。该项目将由伦敦大学学院和里约热内卢联邦大学合作。它打算量化港口基础设施和航运成本对巴西出口的影响，并提出改善这些成本的对策。我们的方法是新颖的，因为我们将把来自港口当局的贸易数据和信息与船舶卫星定位数据结合起来。这将提供一个独特的数据集，我们将能够识别船舶的起源和目的地，每次旅行的时间，船舶在港口的闲置时间，船舶在美国港口目的地的货物以及从原产国到美国目的港的运输成本。该项目将包括访问和研究交流（英国到巴西和巴西到英国），以实现数据和资源的共享。这将使两个研究小组能够建立强有力的合作联系并进行知识交流。该项目将在一些利益相关者参与研讨会上部署研究成果，由每个合作伙伴的研究小组的代表参加。研讨会将汇聚政策制定者、律师、航运运营商和其他相关利益攸关方，进一步了解航运与贸易和经济发展之间的联系问题，并使我们能够分享研究成果。

There is a large body of literature stressing the importance of transport costs and infrastructure in determining trade flows, and by correlation economic development (Clark, Dollar and Micco (2004), Limao and Venables (2001), Martinez-Zarzoso and Suárez-Burguet (2005)). In conjunction with increased trade liberalisation in Brazil (applied tariff rates in 2012 are 25% of 1989 levels), transport costs become the most prominent non-artificial trade barrier associated with Brazil's growth of exports: It costs twice as much to export a container from Brazil compared to OECD countries and nearly twice as much compared to the average Latin American and Caribbean country. It takes 13 days and 6 documents to export a commodity, two days and two documents more than OECD countries. Of these figures, 3 days are allocated to port and terminal handling amounting to a fixed cost of 500 US Dollars per shipment, twice the amount of Germany's port costs. Similar magnitudes apply for importing procedures (World Bank Doing Business (2014)). As more than 80% of Brazil's exports is carried by sea (Ministry of Industry Development and Foreign Trade (2010)) and port efficiency appears to have the largest impact on trade among all indicators of infrastructure (Nordas and Piermartini (2004)), the necessity of improving port infrastructure and reduce shipping costs is inherently linked to development via export growth. This project will see collaboration between UCL and Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro. It intends to quantify the impact of port infrastructure and the cost of shipping on Brazil's exports, proposing responses to ameliorate these costs. Our approach is novel since we are going to combine trade data and information from port authorities with ship's satellite positioning data. This will provide a unique dataset in which we will be able to identify origin and destination of ships, time of each journey, ships' idle time at ports, ship's cargo at port destinations in the USA and the cost of shipping from country of origin to the port of destination in the USA. The project will consist of visits and research exchanges (both UK to Brazil and Brazil to UK) in order to enable sharing of data and resources. This will enable the two research groups to build strong collaborative links and undertake knowledge exchange.This project will deploy the research in a number of stakeholder engagement workshops, attended by representatives from each partner's research groups. The workshops will bring together policy makers, lawyers, shipping operators and other relevant stakeholders to further our understanding of the issues connecting shipping with trade and economic development, and enable us to share the research findings.