Newton Fund: Developing an International Trade and Shipping Database and a Study on Port and Shipping Efficiency

有大量文献强调运输成本和基础设施在决定贸易流量方面的重要性，并通过相关性说明经济发展的重要性（Clark、Dollar和Micco（2004）、Limao和Venables（2001）、Martinez-Zarzoso和Suárez-Burguet（2005））。随着巴西贸易自由化程度的提高（2012年的适用关税率为1989年水平的25%），运输成本成为与巴西出口增长相关的最突出的非人为贸易壁垒：从巴西出口一个集装箱的成本是经合组织国家的两倍，几乎是拉丁美洲和加勒比国家平均水平的两倍。出口一件商品需要13天和6份文件，比经合组织国家多2天和2份文件。在这些数字中，3天用于港口和码头处理，每次装运的固定费用为500美元，是德国港口费用的两倍。进口程序也有类似的幅度（世界银行《营商环境报告》（2014年））。由于巴西80%以上的出口是通过海上运输的（工业发展和外贸部（2010年）），而且港口效率在所有基础设施指标中对贸易的影响似乎最大（Nordas和Piermartini（2004年）），因此，改善港口基础设施和降低运输成本的必要性与通过出口增长实现发展有着内在的联系。该项目将看到UCL和里约热内卢联邦大学之间的合作。它打算量化港口基础设施和航运成本对巴西出口的影响，提出降低这些成本的对策。我们的方法是新颖的，因为我们要结合联合收割机贸易数据和信息，从港口当局与船舶的卫星定位数据。这将提供一个独特的数据集，我们将能够识别船舶的出发地和目的地，每次行程的时间，船舶在港口的空闲时间，美国港口目的地的船舶货物以及从原产国到美国目的地港口的运输成本。该项目将包括访问和研究交流（英国对巴西和巴西对英国），以实现数据和资源的共享。这将使两个研究小组能够建立强有力的合作联系，并进行知识交流，该项目将在由每个伙伴的研究小组代表参加的一些利益攸关方参与讲习班上开展研究。研讨会将汇集政策制定者、律师、航运运营商和其他相关利益攸关方，以加深我们对航运与贸易和经济发展相关问题的理解，并使我们能够分享研究成果。

There is a large body of literature stressing the importance of transport costs and infrastructure in determining trade flows, and by correlation economic development (Clark, Dollar and Micco (2004), Limao and Venables (2001), Martinez-Zarzoso and Suárez-Burguet (2005)). In conjunction with increased trade liberalisation in Brazil (applied tariff rates in 2012 are 25% of 1989 levels), transport costs become the most prominent non-artificial trade barrier associated with Brazil's growth of exports: It costs twice as much to export a container from Brazil compared to OECD countries and nearly twice as much compared to the average Latin American and Caribbean country. It takes 13 days and 6 documents to export a commodity, two days and two documents more than OECD countries. Of these figures, 3 days are allocated to port and terminal handling amounting to a fixed cost of 500 US Dollars per shipment, twice the amount of Germany's port costs. Similar magnitudes apply for importing procedures (World Bank Doing Business (2014)). As more than 80% of Brazil's exports is carried by sea (Ministry of Industry Development and Foreign Trade (2010)) and port efficiency appears to have the largest impact on trade among all indicators of infrastructure (Nordas and Piermartini (2004)), the necessity of improving port infrastructure and reduce shipping costs is inherently linked to development via export growth. This project will see collaboration between UCL and Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro. It intends to quantify the impact of port infrastructure and the cost of shipping on Brazil's exports, proposing responses to ameliorate these costs. Our approach is novel since we are going to combine trade data and information from port authorities with ship's satellite positioning data. This will provide a unique dataset in which we will be able to identify origin and destination of ships, time of each journey, ships' idle time at ports, ship's cargo at port destinations in the USA and the cost of shipping from country of origin to the port of destination in the USA. The project will consist of visits and research exchanges (both UK to Brazil and Brazil to UK) in order to enable sharing of data and resources. This will enable the two research groups to build strong collaborative links and undertake knowledge exchange.This project will deploy the research in a number of stakeholder engagement workshops, attended by representatives from each partner's research groups. The workshops will bring together policy makers, lawyers, shipping operators and other relevant stakeholders to further our understanding of the issues connecting shipping with trade and economic development, and enable us to share the research findings.