Automotive electric powertrain whistling and whining: fundamental root cause analysis to novel solutions

汽车电动动力系统啸叫和呜呜声：新颖解决方案的根本原因分析

• 批准号: EP/V053353/1
• 负责人: Stephanos Theodossiades
• 金额: $ 54.48万
• 依托单位: Loughborough University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FV053353%2F1
• 关键词: Automotive; electric; powertrain; whistling; whining

The "Road to Zero" strategy is placing the UK at the forefront of designing and manufacturing zero emission vehicles, with the sale of new petrol/diesel cars and vans planned to end by 2040 (perhaps by 2030 according to recent government announcements). The strategy towards cleaner, quieter cities has accelerated the trend in the sales of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Contrary to the prevalent view though, EVs are not silent. Without the effect of masking noise from an internal combustion engine, other sounds radiating from the electric motor and the drivetrain have become more apparent (mainly at medium to high vehicle speeds). This is a major challenge for Automotive OEMs, which need to adapt their Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) design methods to the "new" electric (e-) powertrain environment. Moreover, an optimum balance has to be identified between the vehicle NVH performance (and NVH package weight) and other weight increases due to heavy battery packs needed to increase the driving range.An important NVH issue in EVs is the tonal e-motor whistling noise (at harmonics of the rotor speed, depending on the number of motor poles). This is generated by the electromagnetic force, which excites the e-motor and the driveline housing. The noise is amplified by the powertrain structure, especially by the stator and its housing. Increased power and e-motor downsizing are key commercial requirements but have adverse effects on whistling noise. In addition to this, e-motor torque variation ripples and introduced misalignments in the system (between the gears, shafts and housing assembly) act as mechanical excitation on the drivetrain, leading to gear meshing oscillations and emitted noise (known as whine NVH). The issue becomes more complex considering the large range of powertrain operating conditions and increased excitation due to high-power motors, which affect the stability of the coupled electromechanical dynamics.The above e-powertrain NVH landscape requires various interrelated disciplines to be considered under the same framework (electromagnetics, component flexibility, transient dynamics and noise radiation). A coupled whistling and whining fundamental study that leads to root-cause understanding of the involved physics has not yet successfully done.The proposed research aims to identify the root causes behind the coupling of e-motor whistling and drivetrain whining NVH behaviour in e-powertrains and develop novel design solutions to reduce their severity and avoid costly and difficult remedial NVH measures later in the development process. The research will produce fundamental knowledge in e-powertrain design from the NVH perspective in the following ways: i) novel scientific knowledge will be generated for e-powertrains by analysing the root causes of the coupling between the e-motor and drivetrain transient dynamics that leads to aggressive NVH behaviour (employing 3D e-powertrain models), ii) an accurate and validated methodology for high frequency (above 10 kHz) e-powertrain NVH studies will be developed, iii) new NVH metrics will be set for use in future e-powertrain investigations and iv) novel and fast reduced-order methods will be developed based on the above NVH metrics and the parametric studies of the validated 3D e-powertrain models.New e-powertrain design methodologies for fast and accurate product development will be developed in this project with strong support of the participating industry partners. Arrival and AVL will integrate the new methods in their design processes and product portfolio (within a 5-year timescale). The project outcomes will be disseminated nationally (and internationally) so that UK automotive manufacturers can directly benefit and the UK maintains its excellence in powertrain technology.

“零排放之路”战略将英国置于设计和制造零排放车辆的最前沿，新汽油/柴油汽车和货车的销售计划到2040年结束（根据最近的政府公告，可能到2030年）。建设更清洁、更安静城市的战略加速了电动汽车（ev）的销售趋势。然而，与流行的观点相反，电动汽车并不安静。没有了内燃机的掩蔽噪声的影响，电动机和传动系统发出的其他声音变得更加明显（主要是在中高速行驶时）。这对汽车原始设备制造商来说是一个重大挑战，他们需要调整他们的噪音、振动和严酷度（NVH）设计方法，以适应“新的”电动(e)动力系统环境。此外，必须在车辆NVH性能（和NVH包装重量）与由于需要增加行驶里程的重型电池组而增加的其他重量之间确定最佳平衡。在电动汽车中，一个重要的NVH问题是音调电机呼啸噪声（转子转速的谐波，取决于电机极数）。这是由电磁力产生的，电磁力激励电动机和传动系统外壳。噪声被动力总成结构放大，特别是定子及其外壳。增加功率和电动机小型化是关键的商业需求，但对呼啸噪声有不利影响。除此之外，电机扭矩波动和系统（齿轮、轴和壳体组件之间）的错位会对传动系统产生机械激励，导致齿轮啮合振荡并发出噪音（称为whine NVH）。考虑到大范围的动力系统工作条件和大功率电机增加的励磁，影响耦合机电动力学的稳定性，这个问题变得更加复杂。上述电子动力总成NVH领域需要在同一框架下考虑各种相关学科（电磁学、组件灵活性、瞬态动力学和噪声辐射）。一项结合了口哨和哀鸣的基础研究尚未成功完成，该研究导致了对相关物理学的根本原因理解。该研究旨在确定电动动力系统中电机啸叫和传动系统啸叫NVH行为耦合背后的根本原因，并开发新的设计解决方案，以降低其严重程度，避免在开发过程后期采取昂贵且困难的NVH补救措施。该研究将通过以下方式从NVH的角度为电动动力总成设计提供基础知识：i)通过分析导致严重NVH行为的电机和传动系统瞬态动力学之间耦合的根本原因（采用3D电子动力系统模型），将为电子动力系统产生新的科学知识；ii)将开发一种准确且经过验证的高频（高于10 kHz）电子动力系统NVH研究方法。iii)将设置新的NVH指标，用于未来的电动动力总成研究；iv)基于上述NVH指标和已验证的3D电动动力总成模型的参数研究，将开发新的快速降阶方法。在参与的行业合作伙伴的大力支持下，该项目将开发新的电子动力系统设计方法，以实现快速准确的产品开发。Arrival和AVL将在他们的设计过程和产品组合中整合新方法（在5年内）。该项目的成果将在全国（和国际）传播，以便英国汽车制造商可以直接受益，英国保持其在动力总成技术方面的卓越水平。

项目成果

NVH of electric motors - a study on potential NVH metric

电动机的 NVH - 潜在 NVH 指标的研究

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Souza MR

Analytical Multiphysics Model for NVH Prediction of a high-speed SurfacePermanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

用于高速表面永磁同步电机 NVH 预测的分析多物理场模型

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Andreou P

The use of an artificial neural network for assessing tone perception in electric powertrain noise, vibration and harshness

• DOI: 10.1007/s11012-024-01753-x
• 发表时间: 2024-02
• 期刊: Meccanica
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Marcos Ricardo Souza;A. Haris;Leon Rodrigues;G. Offner;M. Sopouch;Franz Diwoky;M. Mohammadpour;S. Theodossiades