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Re-negotiating the Social Contract in the GCC: State-Business Relations and Reforms in the Oil-Rentier Gulf Monarchies

海湾合作委员会社会契约的重新谈判：石油食利者海湾君主国的国家-商业关系和改革

基本信息

批准号：
ES/J012696/1
负责人：
Marc VALERI
金额：
$ 53.16万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FJ012696%2F1
关键词：
Re negotiating Social Contract GCC

项目摘要

This project concerns the dynamics and implications of the economic and social transformations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states [Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE] over the last decade. The GCC states are of global geopolitical importance (40% of world oil reserves), they are at the heart of the Arab world's economy, and it is here that the Arab world's most significant bourgeoisie has arguably been emerging. It examines the evolution and position of the GCC's business community, its relations with 'state' and regime, and its perceptions of and roles in the reforms attempted in the region. By the same token, it investigates the impact of these reforms on the fortunes, composition and roles of the business community in these polities, including on state-business relations.The social contract established by the ruling families during the 'rentier' period in the 20th Century - redistributing oil rent through free education, health care, housing, and well-paid government jobs; granting key positions to historically important tribes/families and economic monopolies to nationals; and legally subordinating expatriates to nationals - implied in return the non-interference of nationals and civil society in domestic politics. Fears over future oil revenue, globalisation and population growth & expectation reduced the viability of the oil-rent model of development, and brought an unprecedented awareness by GCC elites of the need to rethink their states' socio-economic structures. While past high oil prices arguably reduced the pressure to diversify, the latest period of high prices has instead coincided with sustained liberalising reforms, including changes in the role of the state, economic diversification policies, labour market reforms, health and educational reforms - all alongside fledgling political reforms. The current raft of reforms, affecting the definition of the welfare model, the structure of economy, and the sociology of business in these states, also have global implications. At the same time they represent a prima facie paradox, and a range of unanswered questions, for Rentier State Theory and the study of political and economic reform. The business elite has had a decisive role in supporting the established socio-political order and shaping political legitimacy, alongside its related economic role - even if these roles underwent important shifts. The nature, extent and implications of the current shift is the central subject of this project, including the role this 'bourgeoisie' might play in a broader socio-political evolution of these systems.The subject will be approached primarily through the economic reforms and those that relate to it (governance, education and judicial): investigating the reforms themselves, the mutual impact between them and the business community, and what this tells us about changing state-business relations. But the aim is also to interpret what these dynamics tell us about the wider questions of the social contract and the future of political liberalisation vs. authoritarianism. A key hypothesis is that the proximity or distance of these economic elites vis-à-vis the ruling elite decisively affects the orientation, implementation and effectiveness of each state's economic reform policies.At a wider level, investigating state-business relations in the Gulf monarchies in this critical period of re-negotiation of the social contract throws light on three broader issues: (1) the role of the economic elite in the decision-making process and in the liberalisation/ consolidation of post-colonial authoritarian regimes; (2) the social changes occurring in this region, where new generations, directly affected by these policies, call into question the inherited social model and impose new dynamics in societies usually seen as monolithic and traditional; (3) the dynamics of economic liberalisation processes as studied in other regions and in other social contexts.

该项目涉及海湾合作委员会 (GCC) 国家 [巴林、科威特、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋] 过去十年经济和社会转型的动态和影响。海湾合作委员会国家具有全球地缘政治重要性（占世界石油储量的40%），它们是阿拉伯世界经济的核心，阿拉伯世界最重要的资产阶级可以说正是在这里崛起。它考察了海湾合作委员会商界的演变和地位、其与“国家”和政权的关系，以及其对该地区尝试的改革的看法和作用。出于同样的原因，它调查了这些改革对这些政体中商界的命运、组成和角色的影响，包括对国家与企业关系的影响。 20世纪“食利者”时期统治家族建立的社会契约——通过免费教育、医疗保健、住房和高薪政府工作重新分配石油租金；向历史上重要的部落/家族授予关键职位，向国民授予经济垄断权；并在法律上使外籍人士从属于国民——这意味着国民和民间社会不干涉国内政治。对未来石油收入、全球化以及人口增长和预期的担忧降低了石油租金发展模式的可行性，并使海湾合作委员会精英前所未有地意识到需要重新思考其国家的社会经济结构。虽然过去的高油价可以说减轻了多元化的压力，但最近一段时期的高油价却与持续的自由化改革同时发生，包括国家角色的变化、经济多元化政策、劳动力市场改革、医疗和教育改革——以及刚刚起步的政治改革。当前的一系列改革影响了这些国家福利模式的定义、经济结构和商业社会学，也具有全球影响。同时，对于食利国家理论和政治经济改革的研究来说，它们代表了一个表面上的悖论和一系列悬而未决的问题。商界精英及其相关的经济角色在支持既定的社会政治秩序和塑造政治合法性方面发挥着决定性作用——即使这些角色经历了重要转变。当前转变的性质、程度和影响是本项目的中心主题，包括这个“资产阶级”在这些制度更广泛的社会政治演变中可能发挥的作用。该主题将主要通过经济改革和与之相关的改革（治理、教育和司法）来探讨：调查改革本身、改革与商界之间的相互影响，以及这告诉我们关于不断变化的国家与企业关系的信息。但目的还在于解释这些动态告诉我们有关社会契约以及政治自由化与威权主义的未来等更广泛问题的信息。一个关键的假设是，这些经济精英相对于统治精英的远近，决定性地影响着每个国家经济改革政策的方向、实施和有效性。在更广泛的层面上，在社会契约重新谈判的关键时期对海湾君主国的国家与企业关系进行调查，可以揭示三个更广泛的问题：（1）经济精英在决策过程和经济改革中的作用。后殖民独裁政权的自由化/巩固； (2) 该地区发生的社会变革，直接受到这些政策影响的新一代对继承的社会模式提出质疑，并给通常被视为单一和传统的社会带来新的动力； (3) 在其他地区和其他社会背景下研究的经济自由化进程的动态。