权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Young infants' awareness of object identity and number: Evaluating arithmetic reasoning, object file, and object tracking accounts.

小婴儿对物体身份和数量的意识：评估算术推理、物体文件和物体跟踪帐户。

基本信息

批准号：
ES/K000934/1
负责人：
Gavin Bremner
金额：
$ 70.97万
依托单位：
Lancaster University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK000934%2F1
关键词：
Young infants awareness object identity

项目摘要

Wynn (1992) made the controversial claim that young infants understand addition and subtraction, finding that they looked longer at events with numerically incorrect outcomes. Although alternative interpretations of Wynn's influential results have been offered, investigations have stopped short of the systematic manipulation of relevant factors needed to identify an appropriate interpretation. This proposal is motivated by the pressing need to provide a firmly based account of how young infants process single and multiple object occlusion events.Alternative explanations include the object file account, which although based on representational processes does not assume a symbolic understanding of number. It does, however, make predictions regarding the outcome of certain manipulations of Wynn's task, but these predictions conflict with each other. Secondly, a lower level object tracking account makes specific predictions regarding infants' responses to violations of existence, featural identity, and position of objects in Wynn's task, and is parsimonious through not assuming mental representation.It is apparent that manipulation of Wynn's task has potential to answer key questions regarding infants' object tracking that go well beyond Wynn's initial question. This proposal involves a core set of 23 experiments with 5-month-olds, as a systematic investigation of infants' ability to keep track of objects. Our main measure will be infants' looking time as an indicator of violation of expectation. (The assumption of this well tried measure is that infants look longer at events that violate their expectations.) This will be supplemented by eye-tracking and pupillometry data to investigate whether infants look more at an object that violates expectation regarding its existence, featural identity, or position. In cases where young infants do not respond to a particular violation, the experiments will also be run with a group of older infants to seek evidence for developmental increase in sensitivity.Experimental series 1 and 2 will involve a single object, and will involve the numerical operations 0 + 1 = 1 and 1 - 1 = 0, respectively (see Annexe 2 for a figural description). The 0 + 1 experiments will begin with an empty stage whereupon a screen will rotate to vertical, and an object will be introduced and placed behind the screen. On violation trials the screen will rotate down to reveal, (i) no object, (ii) the object in the wrong place, (iii) a different object in the right place, or (iv) a different object in the wrong place. The 1 - 1 Experiments will commence with an object present, the screen will rotate to hide it whereupon a hand will appear and remove the object. On violation trials, the screen will rotate down to reveal one of the same sorts of violation as in the 0 + 1 case. Series 3 and 4 relate directly to Wynn's work, involving two objects and concerning the numerical operations 1 + 1 = 2 (initial state one object present, screen rotates whereupon a second object is added) and 2 - 1 = 1 (initial state two objects present, screen is rotated whereupon one object is removed). In the case of series 3 and 4, we shall assess the degree to which infants detect different forms of violation applied to the first versus the second placed objects. In the 1 + 1 case we shall also assess performance on a variant in which both objects are added once the screen is rotated, to test the object file account prediction that an object perceived in position before occlusion leads to a stronger object file representation than one seen disappearing behind a screen.We anticipate that these studies will provide an important body of evidence arising from systematic variations of a single procedure. This should clarify apparent contradictions in the literature and will provide a superior account of the processes through which young infants keep track of multiple objects.

Wynn(1992)提出了一个有争议的主张，即幼儿理解加法和减法，发现他们更长时间地关注数字错误结果的事件。尽管已经对永利的有影响力的结果提出了不同的解释，但调查还没有系统地操纵相关因素，以确定适当的解释。这项建议的动机是迫切需要提供一个坚实的基础来解释幼儿如何处理单个和多个对象遮挡事件。另一种解释包括对象文件帐户，尽管它基于表征过程，但并不假设对数字的象征性理解。然而，它确实对永利任务的某些操纵的结果做出了预测，但这些预测相互冲突。其次，较低级别的物体跟踪账户对婴儿对永利任务中物体的存在、特征身份和位置的侵犯的反应做出具体预测，并且通过不假设心理表征而是节俭的。显然，操纵永利任务有可能回答关于婴儿物体跟踪的关键问题，这些问题远远超出了永利最初的问题。这项建议包括一组核心的23项实验，以5个月大的婴儿为对象，作为对婴儿跟踪物体能力的系统调查。我们的主要衡量标准将是婴儿看人的时间，作为违反预期的指标。(这项久经考验的措施的假设是，婴儿会更长时间地关注违反他们预期的事件。)这将由眼球跟踪和瞳孔测量数据来补充，以调查婴儿是否更多地看着一个物体，该物体是否违反了对其存在、特征身份或位置的预期。在幼儿对特定的违规行为没有反应的情况下，还将对一组较大的婴儿进行实验，以寻找敏感度发展增加的证据。实验1和实验2将涉及单一对象，并将分别涉及数字运算0+1=1和1-1=0(图示说明见附件2)。0+1实验将从一个空舞台开始，在这个舞台上，屏幕将垂直旋转，并将引入一个物体并放置在屏幕后面。在违规审判中，屏幕将向下旋转，以显示(I)没有对象，(Ii)对象位于错误的位置，(Iii)不同的对象位于正确的位置，或(Iv)不同的对象位于错误的位置。1-1实验将从存在一个对象开始，屏幕将旋转以隐藏它，此时将出现一只手并移走该对象。在违规审判中，屏幕将向下旋转，以显示与0+1案例中相同类型的违规。系列3和4直接涉及Wynn的工作，涉及两个对象，并涉及数值运算1+1=2(初始状态一个对象存在，屏幕旋转，于是添加第二个对象)和2-1=1(初始状态两个对象存在，屏幕旋转，其中一个对象被移除)。在系列3和4的情况下，我们将评估婴儿检测到应用于第一和第二放置物体的不同形式的违规行为的程度。在1+1的情况下，我们还将评估在屏幕旋转后添加两个对象的变体的性能，以测试对象文件帐户预测，即在遮挡之前感知到的位置的对象比在屏幕后消失的对象文件表示更强。我们预计这些研究将提供来自单一程序的系统变化的重要证据。这应该会澄清文献中明显的矛盾，并将为幼儿跟踪多个对象的过程提供一个更好的描述。