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The Role of Negative Emotions and Attentional Control in Children's, Adolescents' and Adults' Punishment

负面情绪和注意力控制在儿童、青少年和成人惩罚中的作用

基本信息

批准号：
ES/K000942/1
负责人：
Michaela Gummerum
金额：
$ 32.1万
依托单位：
Plymouth University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK000942%2F1
关键词：
Role Negative Emotions Attentional Control

项目摘要

People's interpersonal behaviour is regulated by social and moral norms, and violations of these norms are often met with punishment. This project seeks to study what affects children's, adolescents', and adults' punishment of norm violators by combining research in developmental, experimental, and social psychology and experimental economics. We will focus particularly on how negative emotions, such as anger, influence punishment in children, adolescents, and adults. Furthermore, we are interested in how attentional control, that is disengaging attention away from negative information and thoughts, moderates when and how negative emotions affect punishment. Punishment is one mechanism responsible for the emergence and maintenance of moral behaviour. Studying children's, adolescents', and adults' punishment and the role of negative emotions in punishment will help us shed more light on how moral behavior develops over human ontogeny.We will employ two experimental economic paradigms often used to study punishment, namely the ultimatum game and the third-party punishment game. The ultimatum game assesses second-party punishment, that is punishment by an individual who is a direct victim of the violation of a norm. The third-party punishment game measures whether people are willing to enforce a norm by punishing a norm violator even if they themselves are not affected by the violation. Both games study punishment as reaction to the violation of norms of fair sharing. Participants in all three studies will consist of 8-year-old children, 14-year-old adolescents, and undergraduate students. The influence of attentional control on negative emotion processing and punishment will be assessed in two ways. First, the age groups tested have been shown to differ in their attentional control skills (as measured by a questionnaire) with children showing weaker attentional control than adolescents and adults. Second, attentional control will be manipulated experimentally in adult samples: In a distractor condition, before making a punishment decision, adult participants will be presented with a digit span task for 30 seconds. In a wait condition, participants will have to wait for 30 seconds before making a punishment decision.We will conduct six interrelated studies to investigate the role of negative emotions and attentional control in the development of punishment. Studies 1a and 1b will investigate (1) whether punishment of unfair behavior in ultimatum and third-party punishment game is associated with an increase in skin conductance responses (a measure of emotional activation) and negative emotional ratings; and (2) whether the relation between emotional reactivity (skin conductance, emotion ratings) and punishment is modulated by attentional control. Studies 2a and 2b will examine (1) whether anger (induced by watching film clips) affects punishment in ultimatum and third-party punishment game; and (2) whether children and participants in a low attentional control condition show higher punishment than adults, adolescents and people in a high attentional control condition. Studies 3a and 3b will assess how induced anger affects third-party punishment versus compensating the victim of a violation. We expect (1) that anger, compared to a neutral mood, will increase third-party punishment and decrease third-party compensation; and (2) that the effect of anger on punishment and compensation will be moderated by attentional control.

人们的人际行为受社会和道德规范的制约，违反这些规范往往会受到惩罚。该项目旨在通过结合发展心理学、实验心理学、社会心理学和实验经济学的研究，研究什么影响儿童、青少年和成人对违反规范者的惩罚。我们将特别关注负面情绪，如愤怒，如何影响儿童，青少年和成年人的惩罚。此外，我们感兴趣的是注意力控制，也就是将注意力从负面信息和想法中分离出来，如何调节负面情绪何时以及如何影响惩罚。惩罚是道德行为产生和维持的一种机制。研究儿童、成年人和成年人的惩罚以及负面情绪在惩罚中的作用，将有助于我们更清楚地了解道德行为是如何在人类个体发育过程中发展的。我们将使用两种经常用于研究惩罚的实验经济学范式，即最后通牒博弈和第三方惩罚博弈。最后通牒博弈评估了第二方的惩罚，即由违反规范的直接受害者进行的惩罚。第三方惩罚博弈衡量人们是否愿意通过惩罚违反规范的人来执行规范，即使他们自己没有受到违规行为的影响。这两个游戏都研究了惩罚作为对违反公平分享规范的反应。所有三项研究的参与者将包括8岁的儿童，14岁的青少年和本科生。注意控制对负性情绪加工和惩罚的影响将从两个方面进行评估。首先，测试的年龄组已被证明在他们的注意力控制技能不同（通过问卷调查测量）与儿童表现出较弱的注意力控制比青少年和成年人。其次，注意力控制将在成人样本中进行实验操作：在分心条件下，在做出惩罚决定之前，成人参与者将被呈现30秒的数字跨度任务。在等待条件下，被试需要等待30秒才能做出惩罚决定。我们将进行六个相互关联的研究来探讨负面情绪和注意控制在惩罚发展中的作用。研究1a和1b将调查（1）在最后通牒和第三方惩罚游戏中对不公平行为的惩罚是否与皮肤电导反应（情绪激活的测量）和负面情绪评级的增加有关;（2）情绪反应（皮肤电导，情绪评级）和惩罚之间的关系是否受到注意力控制的调节。研究2a和2b将考察（1）愤怒（由观看电影片段引起）是否影响最后通牒和第三方惩罚游戏中的惩罚;（2）儿童和低注意力控制条件下的参与者是否比成人，青少年和高注意力控制条件下的人表现出更高的惩罚。研究3a和3b将评估诱导的愤怒如何影响第三方惩罚与赔偿受害者的侵犯。我们预期：（1）与中性情绪相比，愤怒会增加第三方惩罚，减少第三方补偿;（2）注意力控制会缓和愤怒对惩罚和补偿的影响。