CO-PRODUCING DESISTANCE FROM CRIME: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COOPERATIVE STRUCTURES OF EMPLOYMENT

在整个联合王国，甚至在更远的地方，越来越多的政治、专业和公众对越来越多地使用监禁和释放后重新犯罪的经济、社会和人力成本表示关切。因此，现在人们越来越有兴趣制定创新和可持续的做法，以促进前囚犯的社会融合和停止。关于人们为什么以及如何停止犯罪（停止犯罪）的研究逐渐将注意力重新集中在各种条件和支持上，这些条件和支持以各种方式实现或限制社会融合和停止犯罪。然而，尽管参与就业和停止就业之间存在着确定的相关性，但这是一个在政策、实践和研究中受到有限关注的领域。然而，大多数服刑和刑满释放的囚犯都希望工作，并认为这对他们在获释后放弃犯罪的努力至关重要，但由于犯罪记录、雇主态度和歧视，他们在获得就业方面面临特殊挑战，这可能对他们的长期停止前景构成威胁。针对这一差距的研究，政策和实践中，本研究的目的是研究的潜力，最近的创新，在使用社会合作社在英国，这是使用社会合作结构的就业作为一种机制，支持重新安置囚犯，使长期的过程中停止。特别是，本研究使用了意大利更成熟的监狱门口社会合作社的案例研究，为英国刑事司法系统中新兴的就业合作结构提供信息，以考虑哪些社会合作社可能有助于前囚犯的融入和停止;考虑这种学习如何转化为刑事司法背景下政策设计和服务提供的改进;至关重要的是，为支持社会融合和停止提供新的工作方式。研究的四个阶段首先是综合目前关于共同生产、停止生产和社会合作社的研究和政策文献，然后在第二阶段制定一个概念分析框架，通过该框架分析第三至第四阶段产生的数据。第三阶段涉及对意大利两个既定的“监狱大门”就业社会合作结构进行定性分析;第三阶段的经验教训将应用于第四阶段的两个英国社会合作社，使用多模式研究方法，在17个月的时间内检查相关利益相关者实施这些结构的过程，并检查其影响，从利益相关者的Vantage和每个社会合作社的目标来看，产出和成果。从本质上讲，研究设计和相关活动将促进利益相关者和合作社成员之间不断交流知识，信息和想法，政策-鼓励决策者和更广泛的受益者更多地考虑能够实现社会融合和终止的条件，以及创新和可持续的通过这些实践可以实现这一点。这项研究将产生的见解将与一系列利益攸关方广泛分享，以最大限度地扩大项目的影响范围，但也许最大的影响在于研究设计的参与性，以共同产生有益的学习，这将有助于前罪犯及其家人过上更积极和建设性的生活，从而改善他们居住的社区的福祉，以及更有效地利用稀缺的公共资源。

Across the UK, and indeed further afield, increasing political, professional and public concern has been expressed about the economic, social and human costs of the increasing use of imprisonment and of reoffending following release. Consequently, there is now growing interest in developing innovative and sustainable practices that can facilitate the social integration and desistance of former prisoners. Research on why and how people stop offending (desistance) has incrementally refocused attention on the kinds of conditions and supports that variously enable or constrain social integration and desistance. However, despite the identified correlations between participation in employment and desistance, this is an area that has received limited attention in policy, practice and research. Yet most serving and former prisoners want to work and see this as critical to their efforts to give up crime on release but they face particular challenges to accessing employment because of criminal records, employer attitudes and discrimination, which can pose a threat to their longer-term prospects for desistance. Responding to this gap in research, policy and practice, the intention of this study is to examine the potential of a recent innovation in the use of social cooperatives in the UK; that is the use of social co-operative structures of employment as a mechanism for supporting the resettlement of prisoners and enabling longer-term processes of desistance. In particular, this research uses case studies of more established through-the-prison-gate social cooperatives in Italy to inform emerging cooperative structures of employment in the criminal justice system in the UK in order to consider what social cooperatives might contribute to the integration and desistance of former prisoners; to consider how this learning can translate into improvements for policy design and service delivery in a criminal justice context; and crucially, to inform new ways of working to support social integration and desistance. The four phases of the research involve firstly, synthesising current research and policy literatures on co-production, desistance and social cooperatives prior to developing, in the second phase, a conceptual analytical framework through which to analyse the data generated in phases three to four. The third phase involves a qualitative analysis of two established Italian 'through-the-prison-gate' social cooperative structures of employment; the learning from phase three will be applied to two UK based social cooperatives over phase four, using multi-modal research methods, to examine over a period of 17 months the process through which the relevant stakeholders implemented these structures and examine the impacts, outputs and outcomes from the vantage point of the stakeholders and objectives of each social cooperative.Essentially, the research design and associated activities will facilitate an ongoing exchange of knowledge, information and ideas between stakeholders and members of the cooperative, policy-makers and wider beneficiaries to stimulate increased consideration of the conditions in which social integration and desistance can be enabled and the kinds of innovative and sustainable practices through which this might be realised. The insights this research will engender will be widely shared with a range of stakeholders to maximise the reach of the project, but perhaps the greatest impact resides in the participatory nature of the research design oriented to the co-production of useful learning which will contribute to more positive and constructive lives for ex-offenders and their families and, thus the wellbeing of the communities in which they reside, and to the more effective use of scarce public resources.