Understanding and supporting sustained pathways out of extreme poverty and deprivation

“实现零极端贫困”涉及确保为最贫困人口摆脱贫困制定正确的政策、制度和政治。正如全球贫困人口数量的减少所表明的那样，成功的故事比比皆是。对于一些家庭如何以及为什么能够摆脱贫困，而另一些家庭却无法摆脱贫困，我们知道得很多。然而，对于这些个人和家庭在摆脱贫困后会发生什么，以及为什么有些人能够在远离贫困线的地方保持上升轨迹，而另一些人却在几年后或更短的时间内再次陷入贫困，我们所知甚少。这项研究解决了前两个首要的呼叫问题。第一个问题是：“是什么因素决定了进入和摆脱贫困的途径以及人们对这些途径的体验，政策如何才能以可复制和扩大规模的方式创造出摆脱极端贫困的持续途径？”第二个问题是：“什么样的政治和制度条件与有效的减贫和发展有关？国内和外部行为者可以做些什么来促进这些条件？”特别是，这项拟议的研究集中于更好地了解如何能够长期摆脱极端贫困和剥夺，因为这是贫困动态的一个鲜为人知的方面。它将时间维度的定量数据分析（小组调查）与生活史的收集、面对面访谈以及与决策者和地方一级的关键线人的小组讨论相结合。结合这些不同的方法，研究能够：i)调查个人和家庭因素，对于不同的人口群体，使持续摆脱极端贫困和剥夺；㈡查明这些持续摆脱贫困的途径如何受到人们生活的更广泛的社会、政治和经济环境的影响，特别是他们可以利用的机构和他们所享有的各种关系；（三）向决策者通报可帮助个人和家庭摆脱贫困和摆脱贫困的政策；iv)提高政策制定者、研究人员和非政府组织设计、实施和游说政策的能力，使人们能够摆脱贫困，帮助他们保持摆脱贫困的上升轨道，并防止他们陷入贫困。这项研究的地理重点是三个东非国家（埃塞俄比亚、卢旺达和坦桑尼亚），它们的特点是高度贫困。这三个国家在过去十年中经历了重大的政治和体制变革，在政策方面产生了不同的结果。这项研究将比较这三个国家的经验，以便确定每个国家成功的政策和方案以及执行这些政策和方案的政治和体制先决条件，同时也为如何在其他国家扩大和输出这些政策提供证据。这项研究由长期贫困咨询网络（总部设在海外发展研究所）与三个东非研究机构（每个参与研究的国家各有一个）合作领导，英国和非洲的高级和初级研究人员也参与其中。大多数研究活动将在坦桑尼亚、卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚进行：这些活动包括通过生活史访谈和与决策者的小组会议收集实地的定性数据，以及传播项目结果的活动。部分数据分析和研究结果的撰写将在英国完成，以便针对英国学术界和英国的捐助者，非政府组织，从业者和政策制定者进行传播活动。

'Getting to Zero' extreme poverty involves ensuring that the policies, institutions and politics are right for the poorest people to escape poverty. As the reduction in the global number of people in poverty illustrates, there are widespread stories of success. We know much about how, and why, some households escape poverty and others do not. We know less, though, about what happens to those individuals and households after they escape poverty, and why some are able to stay on an upward trajectory well away from the poverty line, while others escape poverty only to be thrust back again into it after a few years or less.This research addresses the first two of the overarching call questions. The first is: 'what factors shape pathways into and out of poverty and people's experience of these, and how can policy create sustained routes out of extreme poverty in ways that can be replicated and scaled up?' The second: 'what political and institutional conditions are associated with effective poverty reduction and development, and what can domestic and external actors do to promote these conditions?' In particular, this proposed research concentrates on achieving a better understanding of how escapes from extreme poverty and deprivation can be sustained over time, since this is a poorly understood aspect of poverty dynamics. It does so combining the analysis of quantitative data with a time dimension (panel surveys) with the collection of life histories and face-to-face interviews and groups discussions with policy makers and key informants at the local level. Combining these diverse methods, the research is able to:i) investigate the individual and household factors that, for different groups of the population, enable sustained escapes from extreme poverty and deprivation;ii) identify how these routes for sustained pathways out of poverty are influenced by the broader social, political and economic environment in which people live, in particular the institutions which they have access to and the types of relationships which they enjoy;iii) inform policy makers on the policies that can help individuals and households to escape poverty and remain out of it;iv) improve policy makers', researchers' and NGO's capacity to design, implement and lobby for policies that enable people to escape poverty, help them stay on an upward trajectory out of poverty and prevent their impoverishment.The geographical focus of the research is on three East African countries (Ethiopia, Rwanda and Tanzania) characterised by high poverty levels. These three countries have experienced significant political and institutional changes in the last decade which have led to varied outcomes in terms of policies. The research will compare the experience of these three countries in order to identify in each the successful policies and programmes and the political and institutional pre-conditions for their implementation, while also creating evidence of how these policies may be scaled-up and exported in other countries.The research is led by the Chronic Poverty Advisory Network (based at the Overseas Development Institute) in partnership with three East African research bodies (one in each of the countries involved) and sees the involvement of UK-based and African-based senior and junior researchers. Most of the research activities will be conducted in Tanzania, Rwanda and Ethiopia: these include the collection of qualitative data on the field through life history interviews and groups meetings with policy makers, as well as activities for the dissemination of the findings of the project. Part of the data analysis and the writing up of the research findings will be done in UK, so as dissemination events targeted at the UK academic community and UK-based donors, NGOs, practitioners and policy makers.