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Human Rights and Information Technology in the Era of Big Data

大数据时代的人权与信息技术

基本信息

批准号：
ES/M010236/1
负责人：
Lorna McGregor
金额：
$ 604.45万
依托单位：
University of Essex
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM010236%2F1
关键词：
Human Rights Information Technology Era

项目摘要

Edward Snowden's leaks about the extent of US and UK intelligence services' electronic surveillance dramatically demonstrated how in an increasingly digitised world, technological developments and the collection, storage and use of 'big data' pose unprecedented challenges for the protection of human rights. The aim of this programme of research is to ensure that the use of technological developments and big data are compatible with the ideals of human rights protection and can even have a positive impact. Snowden's revelations are part of a much bigger picture in which electronic monitoring and data is collected and shared by companies and states on a routine, daily basis through social media, consumer activity and smartphones. The same technologies that threaten our privacy also provide opportunities for enhanced protection of human rights through better documentation of human rights violations and by demonstrating the effectiveness of rights-shaped policies in order to influence resource allocation and budgets. Existing work either fails to consider the rights-implications of the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and big data or focuses on a particular right. What is missing is a wider investigation into the diverse and complex rights-implications (positive and negative) of the use of ICT and big data including, but not limited to, privacy and the many social, ethical and legal issues lurking beneath the surface of human-machine interaction and use of big data. Moreover, regulation of the use of ICT and big data is currently fragmented between states, the United Nations and internet governance sector. This project will provide added value by offering a fuller picture of the totality of human rights issues raised by ICT and big data to advance new thinking and regulatory solutions. The research questions focus on issues that cut across the threats and opportunities:1) How is the use of ICT and big data shaping the content and scope of rights? (2) How does the use of ICT and big data shape operational practices across state and non-state activities? What new theoretical questions and implications for human rights are generated? (3) What methodologies are needed to identify and document the misuse of modern technologies and the failure to comply with rights-based obligations? (4) How can the use of ICT and big data best support evidence-based approaches to human rights protection and advocacy? (5) What possibilities and limitations exist for regulating the collection, storage and use of ICT and big data by states and non-state actors? The project will be organised into 4 work streams. The first (WS1) will focus on the overarching and synthesising themes. This will be complemented and informed by three in-depth studies: state and non-state surveillance (WS2); health as an example of using new technologies and big data for accountability purposes and evidence-based approaches to rights (WS3); and human rights advocacy and humanitarian work (WS4). The project will use multiple methods (desk research, interviews, econometrics, comparative case studies and computational techniques). Communication and impact streams will be developed across the different stakeholder communities to establish agreement and a shared vocabulary by forming an expert working group of practitioners (human rights and technology), international internet governance, UN actors and academics that will meet twice a year to develop international standards on information technology, big data and human rights. Dissemination and engagement with academics, practitioners and the public will be achieved via an interactive website; social media channels; conferences; public events; academic publications; shorter practice-orientated articles, policy briefings and blogs; media pieces; and time sensitive interventions targeting key policymakers and influencers and international, regional and national courts.

爱德华·斯诺登（Edward Snowden）泄露了美国和英国情报机构电子监控的程度，这戏剧性地表明，在日益数字化的世界中，技术发展以及“大数据”的收集、存储和使用对保护人权构成了前所未有的挑战。该研究方案的目的是确保技术发展和大数据的使用符合人权保护的理想，甚至可以产生积极的影响。斯诺登的爆料是一个更大的图景的一部分，在这个图景中，电子监控和数据是由公司和国家通过社交媒体、消费者活动和智能手机每天例行收集和共享的。威胁我们隐私的技术也为加强保护人权提供了机会，其方法是更好地记录侵犯人权行为，并展示以权利为导向的政策的有效性，以影响资源分配和预算。现有的工作要么没有考虑使用信息和通信技术（信通技术）和大数据对权利的影响，要么侧重于特定的权利。所缺少的是对使用信通技术和大数据的各种复杂的权利影响（积极和消极的）进行更广泛的调查，包括但不限于隐私以及隐藏在人机互动和使用大数据表面下的许多社会、道德和法律的问题。此外，目前各国、联合国和互联网治理部门对信通技术和大数据使用的监管各自为政。这一项目将提供附加值，更全面地介绍信通技术和大数据提出的所有人权问题，以推动新的思维和监管解决方案。研究问题侧重于跨越威胁和机遇的问题：1）信通技术和大数据的使用如何影响权利的内容和范围？(2)信息通信技术和大数据的使用如何影响国家和非国家活动的运营实践？对人权产生了哪些新的理论问题和影响？(3)需要采用何种方法来查明和记录滥用现代技术和不遵守基于权利的义务的情况？(4)如何才能最好地利用信通技术和大数据支持以循证方法保护和宣传人权？(5)在规范国家和非国家行为体收集、存储和使用信通技术和大数据方面存在哪些可能性和限制？该项目将分为四个工作流。第一个（WS 1）将侧重于总体和综合主题。这将得到三项深入研究的补充和信息：国家和非国家监督（WS 2）;健康作为将新技术和大数据用于问责目的和基于证据的权利方法的例子（WS 3）;以及人权倡导和人道主义工作（WS 4）。该项目将使用多种方法（案头研究、访谈、计量经济学、比较案例研究和计算技术）。将在不同的利益攸关方社区之间发展传播和影响流，以建立共识和共享词汇，方法是组建一个由从业人员（人权和技术）、国际互联网治理、联合国行为者和学者组成的专家工作组，每年举行两次会议，制定信息技术、大数据和人权的国际标准。将通过互动网站、社交媒体渠道、会议、公共活动、学术出版物、以实践为导向的短文、政策简报和博客、媒体文章以及针对关键决策者和影响者以及国际、区域和国家法院的时间敏感的干预措施，向学术界、从业人员和公众进行传播和参与。