UNOC: Understanding the Nexus of Organised Crime: Policing in Marginalised Communities linked with organised Crime: Best Practice Network Development

一系列社会、经济和心理因素支持向犯罪和恐怖主义网络招募人员。家庭破碎、社会衰败、住房条件恶劣、设施匮乏、教育水平低下、工作机会有限，这些因素结合在一起，往往成为暴力、宗教、权力和身份等文化叙事的肥沃温床。暴力和报复的循环可以扩大为控制地区和收入的争斗，这些争斗发展出自己的自我辩护逻辑，有时还会发展成跨国有组织犯罪网络：牙买加的一些社区与英国、美国和加拿大的贩运和谋杀有关，北爱尔兰的一些犯罪网络从东欧进口武器，从委内瑞拉进口毒品，并从西班牙经营业务，因此国际和跨学科研究对于了解TOC的起源和动态至关重要。犯罪和恐怖主义网络之间的重叠也越来越多；帮派是极端分子的“力量倍增器”，提供新兵、武器、当地知识以及实施暴力和制造混乱的能力，而许多帮派成员是心怀不满的年轻人，有可能被激进化（例如，许多Daesh新兵是来自已经卷入帮派的不正常家庭的疏远年轻人，他们被暴力意识形态所吸引，这种意识形态似乎赋予了他们生活的目的和意义）。此外，网络犯罪分子现在经常通过暗网进行交易，因此犯罪分子和恐怖分子在同一个市场活动。正如美国国家安全委员会《打击跨国有组织犯罪战略》所指出的那样：“今天的犯罪网络是流动的，与世界各地的其他网络结成新的联盟，从事各种非法活动，包括网络犯罪和为恐怖主义提供支持。”牙买加警察部队（JCF）最初以皇家阿尔斯特警察（RUC）为蓝本；双方都把镇压叛乱放在首位。RUC被改革为北爱尔兰警察局（PSNI），强调与社区合作，拥有80多个社区警务小组，为赢得社区各阶层的信任做了很多工作。两支部队都了解TOC的根源，并在社区警务方面拥有丰富的经验，这就是为什么他们对该项目的贡献至关重要。这个创新的、跨学科的、跨文化的比较项目具有强大的用户协作和参与，将研究与TOC相关的边缘化社区的互动问题的联系。它将大大加深对TOC如何随着时间的推移和不同的文化背景从简单的开始演变成更复杂的犯罪结构的理解，它在当地和其他相关国家的影响，以及如何在其社区据点最有效地打击它。它将创建一个网络，该网络将确定和传播使用“社区警务”来破坏TOC网络的最佳实践。该项目的总体目标是扩大我们对边缘化社区和有组织犯罪之间动态的理解，以及社区警务如何具体有助于减少跨国有组织犯罪的影响。每个目标都有自己的WP：更好地理解跨国犯罪是如何在不同的文化背景下演变的。更好地了解国内和国际上边缘化社区、有组织犯罪和恐怖主义之间的联系。在预防和减轻有组织犯罪的影响方面，找出与社区合作的最佳警务做法4。建立一个专家和专业知识网络，促进创新和最佳做法，以了解跨国有组织犯罪。UNOC将在国际上受益于知情事先同意战略，因为它将有助于改进当地干预措施并在国际上传达与实际情况有关的最佳做法。

A lattice of social, economic and psychological factors supports recruitment to both criminal and terrorist networks. A combination of broken families, social decay, bad housing, few amenities, poor education and limited job opportunities often function as fertile seedbeds for cultural narratives of violence, religion, power, and identity. Cycles of violence and retaliation can expand into feuds to control areas and revenues which develop their own self-justifying logic and sometimes grow into transnational organized crime (TOC) networks: some Jamaican communities are linked to trafficking and homicides in the UK, USA and Canada, some of the criminal networks in Northern Ireland import weapons from Eastern Europe, drugs from Venezuela and run their businesses from Spain, so international and cross-disciplinary research is vital to understand TOC genesis and dynamics.There are also increasing overlaps between criminal and terrorist networks; gangs serve as a 'force multiplier' for extremists, providing recruits, weapons, local knowledge and the ability to deliver violence and create chaos, while many gang members are disaffected youth with the potential to be radicalised (for example, many Daesh recruits are alienated young men from dysfunctional families already involved in gangs and attracted by a violent ideology that appears to give their life purpose and meaning). In addition, cyber-criminals now routinely trade over the dark net, so criminals and terrorists operate in the same market place. As the US National Security Council 'Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime' notes: "Today's criminal networks are fluid, striking new alliances with other networks around the world and engaging in a wide range of illicit activities, including cybercrime and providing support for terrorism." The Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) was originally modelled on the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC); both prioritized the suppression of insurgency. The RUC was reformed into the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) which emphasises policing with the community, with over 80 neighbourhood policing teams that have done much to win the trust of all sections of the community. Both forces know the roots of TOC and have significant experience with Policing with the Community, which is why their contribution to this project is vital.This innovative, cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural comparative project with strong user collaboration and engagement will examine the nexus of interacting problems in marginalised communities linked with TOC. It will significantly deepen understanding of how TOC has evolved from simple beginnings into far more complex criminal structures over time and in different cultural contexts, what impact it has both locally and in the other countries involved, and how it can be most effectively fought in its community strongholds. It will create a network that will identify and disseminate best practice in the use of 'policing with the community' to undermine TOC networks.The overall aim of the project is to extend our understanding about the dynamics between marginalised communities and organised crime, and how specifically policing in the community can help reducing the impact of transnational, organised crime. Objectives each have their WP:1. Better understand how transnational crime has evolved across different cultural contexts2. Better understanding of the links between marginalised communities, organised crime and terrorism, nationally and internationally.3. Identify Best Practice in policing with the community (PIC) in preventing & mitigating the effect of organised crime4. Develop a network of experts and expertise to promote innovation and best practice in the understanding of transnational organised crime.UNOC will benefit PIC strategies internationally as it will help improve local interventions and convey and contextual Best practices internationally.