The Maritime Dimension of Transnational Organized Crime: Engaging Indonesian Law Enforcement Agencies and Coastal Communities in the Land-Sea Nexus

跨国有组织犯罪的海上层面：让印度尼西亚执法机构和沿海社区参与陆海关系

• 批准号: ES/P001289/1
• 负责人: Math Noortmann
• 金额: $ 10.16万
• 依托单位: Coventry University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FP001289%2F1
• 关键词: Maritime; Dimension; Transnational; Organized; Crime

Indonesia's maritime layout results in a close relation between transnational organized crimes and maritime security. Indonesia's immense maritime area not only enables the illegal smuggling and trafficking of goods and people by sea, but also allows for voracious crimes such as sea robbery and piracy and illegal fishing to go unpunished. These crimes come at great economic costs (recently estimated at $20 billion annually) but also threaten the already vulnerable livelihoods of many coastal communities. The capacity of Indonesia's law enforcement agencies is limited and their overlapping authorities hamper effective action. Next to law enforcement agencies, the project assumes an important role for Indonesia's numerous coastal communities. Until now these communities are seriously neglected in academic and policy debates on combatting transnational organized crimes at sea. Bringing coastal communities 'in' is truly new. The active participation of governmental agencies that are responsible for the enforcement of law at sea as well as coastal communities will result in a better mutual understanding and actual cooperation. The prosed research builds on the collaboration between the Centre for Trust Peace and Social Relations (CTPSR) of Coventry University (UK) and the International Organization for Migration Indonesia (IOM). This collaboration started in 2014 with a specific focus on the interrelation between maritime and human security issues in Indonesia. In 2015, the partners established a consortium focused on Indonesian maritime security. This consortium brings together key stakeholders from government, academia and the private sector and acts as an interface to conduct joint research. With the active involvement of IOM/Indonesia, support from the consortium, and with the interdisciplinary expertise of the investigators (experts in law, anthropology and political sciences), the proposed research is perfectly positioned to investigate the many challenges related to transnational maritime organized crimes. The research will investigate such issues as: who are considered to be the main actors in the maritime domain; which particular 'crimes' are being experienced and with what effect; what law enforcement tools and recourses are being used and with what success; what specific threats are articulated by coastal communities; how do the communities and law enforcers appreciate each other; and what do these stakeholders see as ways forward.The research will provide insights into these matters on the basis of focus group discussions with staff members of law enforcement agencies (such as the Maritime Security Agency, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the National Search and Rescue Agency, the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, the Directorate General of Immigration and the Indonesian National Police) as well as with coastal community leaders and members. The selected coastal communities, of which a number are participants in IOM/Indonesia activities, include maritime crime prone locations in North Sumatra, South Java, Flores, Sulawesi, Maluku, and East Nusa Tenggara. The focus group sessions all include the making of collages, a visual tool through which the research participants are invited to express their experiences by using photos, newspaper headings, magazine clippings and other printed materials. These collages are intended to represent the participants' unique understanding of the maritime problems and the position of the various actors involved. These images will be used first of all to establish the direction of the research as well as to elicit discussions beyond standard interview sessions and support the interpretation of the legal and policy documents. This research design is considered best suited to understand the background of transnational organized crime, maritime security and law enforcement through the eyes of the key stakeholders involved.

印度尼西亚的海洋布局使跨国有组织犯罪与海上安全密切相关。印度尼西亚广阔的海域不仅使海上非法走私和贩运货物和人员成为可能，而且使海上抢劫和海盗行为以及非法捕鱼等贪婪罪行逍遥法外。这些犯罪造成巨大的经济损失（最近估计每年200亿美元），但也威胁到许多沿海社区本已脆弱的生计。印度尼西亚执法机构的能力有限，其权力重叠妨碍了有效行动。除执法机构外，该项目还为印度尼西亚众多沿海社区发挥重要作用。到目前为止，在关于打击海上跨国有组织犯罪的学术和政策辩论中，这些社区受到严重忽视。把沿海社区“带进来”确实是新的。负责海上执法的政府机构以及沿海社区的积极参与将导致更好的相互理解和实际合作。这项研究建立在考文垂大学（英国）信任、和平与社会关系中心（CTPSR）和印度尼西亚国际移民组织（IOM）之间的合作基础上。这一合作始于2014年，具体重点是印度尼西亚海事和人类安全问题之间的相互关系。2015年，合作伙伴成立了一个专注于印度尼西亚海上安全的财团。该联合会汇集了来自政府、学术界和私营部门的主要利益攸关方，并作为开展联合研究的接口。在国际移民组织/印度尼西亚的积极参与下，在联合会的支持下，并在调查人员（法律、人类学和政治学专家）的跨学科专门知识下，拟议的研究完全能够调查与跨国海上有组织犯罪有关的许多挑战。这项研究将调查下列问题：谁被认为是海洋领域的主要行为者;正在经历哪些具体的“罪行”，产生了什么影响;正在使用哪些执法工具和手段，取得了什么成功;沿海社区提出了哪些具体威胁;社区和执法人员如何相互欣赏;以及这些持份者对未来发展的看法。这项研究将根据与执法机构工作人员进行的焦点小组讨论，提供对这些问题的见解（如海上保安厅、海洋事务和渔业部、国家搜救机构、政治、法律的和安全事务协调部、移民总局和印度尼西亚国家警察）以及沿海社区领导人和成员。选定的沿海社区包括北苏门答腊、南爪哇、弗洛雷斯、苏拉威西、马鲁古和东努沙登加拉等海上犯罪多发地区，其中一些社区参加了移徙组织/印度尼西亚的活动。焦点小组会议都包括制作拼贴画，这是一种视觉工具，通过这种工具，研究参与者被邀请使用照片、报纸标题、杂志剪报和其他印刷材料来表达他们的经历。这些拼贴画旨在代表参与者对海洋问题的独特理解和所涉各行为体的立场。这些图像将首先用于确定研究方向，并引发标准访谈会议之外的讨论，并支持对法律的和政策文件的解释。这一研究设计被认为最适合于通过所涉主要利益攸关方的视角了解跨国有组织犯罪、海事安全和执法的背景。

项目成果

Involving local fishing communities in policy making: Addressing Illegal fishing in Indonesia

让当地渔业社区参与政策制定：解决印度尼西亚的非法捕鱼问题

• DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103708
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Marine Policy
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Chapsos I

Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia

• DOI: 10.1007/s12117-018-9329-8
• 发表时间: 2019-09-01
• 期刊: TRENDS IN ORGANIZED CRIME
• 影响因子: 1.7
• 作者: Chapsos, Ioannis;Hamilton, Steve
• 通讯作者: Hamilton, Steve