GCRF Inclusive Societies: Innovation and Inclusive Industrialisation in Agro-Processing: A Comparative Study of South Africa and Tanzania

过去十年来，在许多非洲国家恢复工业政策的同时，更加注重促进农业加工，即在收获和最后消费之间增加粮食价值的活动。这是因为学术界和政策制定者普遍认为，农业加工在推动包容性工业增长、创造就业和减轻贫困方面具有极高的潜力。农产品加工通常是工业活动的高劳动强度和低技术强度的切入点，因此为中小型企业提供了进入工业活动的机会。它还与支持发展中国家许多最贫困人口生计的初级农业生产有着密切联系。由于撒哈拉以南非洲地区对加工食品的需求正在飙升，利用农业加工目前也很重要。然而，创建包容性价值链，整合小生产者并使他们能够抓住这一机遇，是一项艰巨的政策挑战。中小企业往往面临很高的进入门槛，或者缺乏技术能力，无法提供像超市这样的新型城市零售商所要求的质量、速度和可靠性。本研究旨在解决这一挑战，并产生有助于改善农产品加工产业政策的新见解。具体而言，它将研究政府如何促进将中小企业纳入食品价值链，并帮助它们提升技术能力。本文采用对比案例研究方法，考察了南非和坦桑尼亚玉米加工、柑橘类水果和乳制品的农业加工价值链的政治经济学。这两种截然不同的农业加工背景之间的明显差异，有可能对包容性工业化的政治经济制约因素产生独特的见解。本研究的目的有三个：首先，描述和对比决定坦桑尼亚和南非农业加工创新和包容性的制度特征。第二，发展农业加工的比较政治经济学，解释通过有针对性的产业政策促进中小企业能力的挑战；第三，提炼与政策相关的影响，以支持国家和地区层面的产业政策制定。该项目是爱丁堡大学非洲研究中心（CAS）、坦桑尼亚智库经济和社会研究基金会（ESRF）以及约翰内斯堡大学竞争、监管和经济发展中心（CCRED）的研究人员之间的跨学科合作。研究人员将通过深入研究两国的柑橘、玉米和乳制品价值链来实现目标。这将包括对中小企业农产品加工企业进行调查，并与政府、私营部门和民间社会的关键线人进行面谈。这将利用该小组在政治经济学、经济学和科学技术研究方面的跨学科理论和方法专门知识。该研究将为政府如何最好地支持农产品加工中小企业的包容和技术升级提供证据，从而有助于改善南非和坦桑尼亚的农产品加工产业政策举措。它的学术产出将促进关于发展中国家工业政策的政治经济学和公司一级技术能力的越来越多的学术研究。

The return of industrial policy to many African countries over the past decade has been accompanied by increased focus on promoting agro-processing, the value-adding activities for food between harvest and final consumption. This is because agro-processing is widely recognised among academics and policymakers as having exceptionally high potential to propel inclusive industrial growth which creates jobs and relieves poverty. Agro-processing is generally a high labour-intensity and low technology-intensity entry point to industrial activity, and therefore provides an opportunity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to enter industrial activities. It also has strong links to primary agricultural production which supports the livelihoods of many of the poorest people in developing countries. Harnessing agro-processing is additionally important at present because demand for processed food is soaring across sub-Saharan Africa. However, creating inclusive value chains which integrate small producers and enable them to seize this opportunity is a difficult policy challenge. SMEs often face high barriers to entry, or lack the technological capabilities to deliver goods with the quality, speed and reliability demanded by new urban retailers like supermarkets. This research seeks to address this challenge and produce new insights which help improve industrial policy for agro processing. Specifically, it will investigate how governments can foster the inclusion of SMEs in food value chains and help them upgrade their technological capabilities. It does so using a contrasting case study method to examine the political economy of agro-processing value chains for maize milling, citrus fruit and dairy products in South Africa and Tanzania. The stark differences between these two very different contexts for agro-processing has the potential to generate unique insights into the political economy constraints on inclusive industrialization. The aims of this research are threefold: first, to describe and contrast the institutional features that determine innovation and inclusion in agro-processing in Tanzania and South Africa. Second, to develop a comparative political economy of agro-processing that explains the challenges to promoting SME capabilities through targeted industrial policies, and third, to distil policy-relevant implications to support industrial policy formulation at the national and regional level. The project is an inter-disciplinary collaboration between researchers the University of Edinburgh's Centre of African Studies (CAS), the Tanzanian think-tank the Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) and the Centre for Competition, Regulation and Economic Development (CCRED) at the University of Johannesburg. The researchers will fulfill the aims with in-depth research on citrus, maize and dairy value chains in both countries. This will involve surveys of SME agro-processing firms and interviews with key informants in government, the private sector and civil society. This will draw on the team's interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological expertise from political economy, economics and science and technology studies. The research will contribute to improving agro-processing industrial policy initiatives in South Africa and Tanzania by providing evidence on how governments can best support the inclusion and technological upgrading of agro-processing SMEs. Its academic outputs will advance a growing body of sholarship on the political economy of industrial policy and firm-level technological capabilities in developing countries.