How Online Technologies are Transforming Transnational Organised Crime (Cyber-TNOC)

在线技术如何改变跨国有组织犯罪 (Cyber​​-TNOC)

• 批准号: ES/S008853/1
• 负责人: Michael Levi
• 金额: $ 46.84万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FS008853%2F1
• 关键词: How; Online; Technologies; Transforming; Transnational

The role of online technologies in organised crime is growing, as it is in wider society. Traditionally, organised criminals would threaten or (in the UK) much less often resort to the use of violence and intimidation to extort or concentrate their markets. As societies across the globe are becoming increasingly more interconnected and digital, organised crime is adapting to this new landscape and integrating new technologies into their modus operandi. The Europol 2017 Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment estimates that there were 39 percent more international crime groups within the EU (excluding the UK) in 2017 compared with 2013. Overall, these groups are now making an increasing use of online methods to facilitate their activities (NCA 2017, 2018). In April 2018, the NCA arrested a criminal group selling illicit drugs to the UK, US, Canada, Australia, Argentina and Singapore via a site on the dark web. According to the NCA, the West Yorkshire based-group made £163,000 between December 2016 and April 2017. The Russian gang behind the Koobface botnet, which propagated via social networks, infected up to 800,000 machines around the world and made $2M dollars annually. Traffickers can also use social networks and online advertising sites to market, recruit, sell, and exploit victims of modern slavery. These criminal groups can resort to Centralised Virtual Currencies (e.g. WesternUnion, WebMoney and PerfectMoney) or Cryptocurrencies (e.g. Bitcoins, Monero, Ethereum) to conceal the illicit origin of their finances and invest into the legal economy.The reported (and very probably real) stark increase in the use of online technologies by TNOC groups poses new analytical challenges and requires the formulation of new regulatory and governance models. This response has begun, with the UK Home Secretary announcing in 2017 a review of the Government's Serious and Organised Crime Strategy with the objective of a whole-of-government approach to tackling the evolving problem. In addition to this, other European countries and law enforcement agencies such as Europol and Interpol are reformulating their actions against these evolving crime problems, and growing elements of the private sector are increasingly 'responsibilised' by legislation and self-interest to report crimes and suspicions of crime, and to improve the impact of those reports by more intra-private and public-private collaboration (via the Joint Money-Laundering Intelligence Taskforce and counter-fraud intelligence sharing). Open source data are of growing importance to threat assessments (though this is yet to appear explicitly in some threat assessments). These responses are clear indicators that national and international organisations recognise the changing nature of transnational organised crime. However, the pace of evolution of organised- and cyber- crime threats (and our awareness of connections between them) seems to be increasing. Indeed, the cyber dimension of Transnational Organised Crime will continue to permanently evolve. This online trend requires responses by law enforcement, policy makers, the private sector and academia that may benefit from greater coordination, despite resource limitations.New empirical datasets combining traditional and online sources along with innovative analytical methods are necessary to better understand and then respond to organised crime groups exploiting online technologies. This project will be the first one to build up a strong evidence base, using heterogeneous data sources, to inform policy development, intervention and decision making related to Cyber-TNOC The project will demonstrate how traditional and new forms of data, when analysed with innovative research methods such social network analysis and artificial intelligence, can have a transformative impact on how governments, criminal justice and the private sector work to address Cyber-TNOC.

网络技术在有组织犯罪中的作用越来越大，在更广泛的社会中也是如此。传统上，有组织犯罪分子会威胁或(在英国)较少使用暴力和恐吓手段敲诈或集中他们的市场。随着全球各地的社会日益相互联系和数字化，有组织犯罪正在适应这种新的格局，并将新技术融入他们的运作方式。欧洲刑警组织2017年严重和有组织犯罪威胁评估估计，与2013年相比，2017年欧盟(不包括英国)内的国际犯罪集团增加了39%。总体而言，这些团体现在越来越多地使用在线方法来促进其活动(NCA 2017、2018)。2018年4月，NCA逮捕了一个通过暗网网站向英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、阿根廷和新加坡出售非法毒品的犯罪集团。根据NCA的数据，这家总部位于西约克郡的组织在2016年12月至2017年4月期间制造了16.3万GB。KoobFaces僵尸网络背后的俄罗斯团伙通过社交网络传播，感染了世界各地多达80万台机器，每年赚取200万美元。人贩子还可以利用社交网络和在线广告网站来推销、招募、出售和剥削现代奴隶制的受害者。这些犯罪集团可以求助于中央虚拟货币(例如WestnUnion、WebMoney和PerfetMoney)或加密货币(例如比特币、Monero、Etherum)来隐藏其财务的非法来源，并投资于法律经济。据报道，TNOC集团使用在线技术的急剧增加(很可能是真实的)带来了新的分析挑战，需要制定新的监管和治理模式。这一回应已经开始，英国内政大臣在2017年宣布对政府的严重和有组织犯罪战略进行审查，目标是采取整个政府的方法来解决不断演变的问题。除此之外，其他欧洲国家和执法机构，如欧洲刑警组织和国际刑警组织，正在重新制定针对这些不断变化的犯罪问题的行动，越来越多的私营部门部门因立法和自身利益而越来越有责任报告犯罪和犯罪嫌疑人，并通过更多的私人内部和公私合作(通过联合洗钱情报工作队和反欺诈情报共享)来改善这些报告的影响。开源数据对威胁评估的重要性与日俱增(尽管这一点在一些威胁评估中还没有明确出现)。这些答复清楚地表明，国家和国际组织认识到跨国有组织犯罪不断变化的性质。然而，有组织犯罪和网络犯罪威胁(以及我们对它们之间联系的认识)的演变速度似乎正在加快。事实上，跨国有组织犯罪的网络层面将继续永久性地发展。这种在线趋势需要执法部门、政策制定者、私营部门和学术界做出回应，尽管资源有限，但它们可能会受益于更好的协调。新的经验数据集结合了传统和在线来源以及创新的分析方法，对于更好地理解并随后应对利用在线技术的有组织犯罪集团是必要的。该项目将是第一个利用各种不同的数据源建立强有力的证据基础，为与网络TNOC有关的政策制定、干预和决策提供信息的项目。该项目将展示，在使用社会网络分析和人工智能等创新研究方法进行分析时，传统和新形式的数据如何能够对政府、刑事司法和私营部门如何努力解决网络TNOC产生变革性的影响。

项目成果

Understanding the Laundering of Organized Crime Money

了解有组织犯罪资金的洗钱

• DOI: 10.1086/708047
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Crime and Justice
• 作者: Levi M

Online and offline determinants of drug trafficking across countries via cryptomarkets

通过加密市场进行跨国毒品贩运的线上和线下决定因素

• DOI: 10.1007/s10611-023-10106-w
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Crime, Law and Social Change
• 作者: Giommoni L

Interdicting International Drug Trafficking: a Network Approach for Coordinated and Targeted Interventions

• DOI: 10.1007/s10610-020-09473-0
• 发表时间: 2021-02-08
• 期刊: EUROPEAN JOURNAL ON CRIMINAL POLICY AND RESEARCH
• 影响因子: 1.7
• 作者: Giommoni, Luca;Berlusconi, Giulia;Aziani, Alberto
• 通讯作者: Aziani, Alberto

The success rate of online illicit drug transactions during a global pandemic.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103452
• 发表时间: 2022-01
• 期刊: The International journal on drug policy
• 作者: Bergeron A;Décary-Hétu D;Giommoni L;Villeneuve-Dubuc MP
• 通讯作者: Villeneuve-Dubuc MP

Making sense of professional enablers' involvement in laundering organized crime proceeds and of their regulation.

• DOI: 10.1007/s12117-020-09401-y
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Trends in organized crime
• 影响因子: 1.7
• 作者: Levi M