Together and Apart: the Dynamics of Ethnic Diversity, Segregation and Social Cohesion among Young People and Adults

在一起与分开：年轻人和成年人中种族多样性、隔离和社会凝聚力的动态

• 批准号: ES/S013121/1
• 负责人: James Laurence
• 金额: $ 30.57万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FS013121%2F1
• 关键词: Together; Apart; Dynamics; Ethnic; Diversity

Rising ethnic diversity across countries is becoming a highly-charged issue. This is leading to intense academic, policy, and public debate, amid concerns that diversity may pose a threat to social cohesion. Within these debates, residential communities are increasingly seen as key sites across which both fractures may emerge, but also where opportunities for building cohesion exist. In light of this, research showing diverse communities weaken cohesion is worrying. Yet, there is a potentially key omission from this work: the role of residential segregation. While studies largely focus on the size of ethnic groups in an area they rarely explore whether the level of segregation in the area matters; that is, how (un)evenly ethnic groups are spread across it. This project aims to advance our understanding of the role segregation plays for cohesion alongside diversity; in particular, exploring what occurs at the intersection of the two: is it only in 'diverse and segregated' areas (where groups tend to live in separate neighbourhoods) in which cohesion is threatened? Can 'diverse and integrated' areas actually build more cohesion? We posit that how segregated a community is may form a 'missing link', helping to explain when diversity may build or undermine cohesion.This project draws on an interdisciplinary framework (geography, demography, and developmental fields); marshals longitudinal panel/cohort data linked to multiple censuses; applies advanced statistical methods; and measures multiple inter-ethnic, intra-community and wider cohesion outcomes and mechanisms. Through this it will conduct the most complete investigation to date into how both diversity and segregation across communities affects cohesion, among majority and minority young people and adults, contemporaneously and across their lives. This will include:*Performing some of the first robust 'causal' tests of how changes in community diversity and segregation affect cohesion over time, including asking: what happens to residents' cohesion when the levels of diversity and segregation in their communities change around them? Does moving into/out of communities with different levels of diversity and segregation affect peoples' cohesion?*Producing crucial insights into processes of residential selection in the diversity-segregation-cohesion relationship, including: do levels of diversity and segregation affect beliefs and decisions to move into/out of certain communities? How far are such decisions driven by inter-ethnic attitudes? Or, are they driven instead by processes such as life cycle or disadvantage?*Exploring the role of communities in young people's cohesion, asking: does community diversity and segregation affect youth cohesion? What role do familial attitudes, schools environments, and civic activities, play in youth cohesion, and can these domains help understand the pathways through which communities impact young people? And, do the levels of diversity and segregation in the communities we grow up in exert enduring impacts on cohesion over people's lives?*Investigating how diversity and segregation across communities affect both minority and majority groups. For example: do minority-group residents respond in the same way as majority-group residents when they are more or less segregated from one another? How does the size of, and level of segregation from, other ethnic minority groups affect minority residents' cohesion? In particular, what occurs when newly-arrived immigrant-groups increasingly live among more established minority groups?Through partnering with the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government and building an advisory panel of experts and key youth and community stakeholders, this project will contribute to academic debates while engaging in high-impact knowledge exchange, generating a crucial evidence-base for practical policy solutions to directly feed into the government's developing integration strategy.

各国之间日益增长的种族多样性正成为一个高度敏感的问题。这导致了激烈的学术、政策和公众辩论，人们担心多样性可能会对社会凝聚力构成威胁。在这些辩论中，居住社区越来越多地被视为关键地点，既可能出现裂痕，也存在建立凝聚力的机会。有鉴于此，研究表明多样化的社区削弱了凝聚力，这令人担忧。然而，这项工作中有一个潜在的关键遗漏：居住隔离的作用。虽然研究主要集中在一个地区的种族群体规模上，但很少探索该地区的种族隔离程度是否重要；也就是说，种族群体如何(不)均匀地分布在该地区。这个项目旨在增进我们对种族隔离对凝聚力和多样性的作用的理解；特别是，探索在两者的交叉点上发生了什么：是否只有在“多样化和隔离的”地区(群体往往生活在不同的社区)，凝聚力受到威胁？“多元化和一体化”的地区真的能增强凝聚力吗？我们假设一个社区的隔离程度可能会形成一个“缺失的环节”，帮助解释多样性何时可能建立或破坏凝聚力。该项目利用跨学科框架(地理、人口学和发展领域)；整理与多个人口普查有关的纵向小组/队列数据；应用先进的统计方法；并衡量多个种族间、社区内和更广泛的凝聚力结果和机制。通过这项调查，它将进行迄今为止最全面的调查，调查不同社区的多样性和种族隔离如何影响占多数和少数族裔的年轻人和成年人的凝聚力，同时影响他们的一生。这将包括：*对社区多样性和隔离的变化如何随着时间的推移影响凝聚力进行一些强有力的“因果”测试，包括询问：当社区的多样性和隔离水平在他们周围发生变化时，居民的凝聚力会发生什么？迁入/迁出多样性和隔离程度不同的社区是否影响人们的凝聚力？*对多样性-隔离-凝聚力关系中的居住选择过程提出重要见解，包括：多样性和隔离程度是否会影响迁入/迁出某些社区的信念和决定？这些决定在多大程度上是由种族间的态度驱动的？或者，它们是由生命周期或劣势等过程驱动的吗？*探索社区在年轻人凝聚力中的作用，询问：社区多样性和隔离是否影响年轻人的凝聚力？家庭态度、学校环境和公民活动在青年凝聚力中扮演什么角色？这些领域能否帮助理解社区影响青年的途径？而且，我们成长的社区中的多样性和隔离水平是否对人们生活中的凝聚力产生了持久的影响？*调查跨社区的多样性和隔离如何影响少数群体和多数群体。例如：当少数群体居民与多数群体居民或多或少相互隔离时，他们的反应是否与多数群体居民相同？与其他少数民族群体的规模和隔离程度如何影响少数民族居民的凝聚力？特别是，当新来的移民群体越来越多地生活在更成熟的少数群体中时，会发生什么？通过与住房、社区和地方政府部合作，并建立一个由专家、主要青年和社区利益攸关方组成的咨询小组，该项目将在参与高影响力知识交流的同时，促进学术辩论，为直接纳入政府发展中的融合战略的实际政策解决方案提供重要的证据基础。

项目成果

Coming together or coming apart? Changes in social cohesion during the Covid-19 pandemic in England

• DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2020.1833067
• 发表时间: 2020-10-23
• 期刊: EUROPEAN SOCIETIES
• 影响因子: 8.1
• 作者: Borkowska, Magda;Laurence, James
• 通讯作者: Laurence, James

The Dynamics of Immigration and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment in Japan: How and Why Changes in Immigrant Share Affect Attitudes toward Immigration in a Newly Diversifying Society

日本的移民动态和反移民情绪：移民比例的变化如何以及为何影响新多元化社会对移民的态度

• DOI: 10.1093/sf/soab115
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Social Forces
• 影响因子: 4.8
• 作者: Laurence J

Cohesion through participation? Youth engagement, interethnic attitudes, and pathways of positive and negative intergroup contact among adolescents: a quasi-experimental field study

• DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2019.1700787
• 发表时间: 2020-01
• 期刊: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: James Laurence

Foreign-Born Population Growth, Negative Outgroup Contact, and Americans' Attitudes Towards Legal and Unauthorized Immigration

外国出生的人口增长、负面的外群体接触以及美国人对合法和非法移民的态度

• DOI: 10.1177/00323217211005920
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Political Studies
• 影响因子: 3.1
• 作者: Laurence J

Individual and community social capital, mobility restrictions, and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multilevel analysis of a representative US survey.

Covid-19大流行期间的个人和社区社会资本，流动性限制和心理困扰：对美国代表性调查的多层次分析。

• DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114361
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: Social science & medicine (1982)
• 作者: Laurence J;Kim HH
• 通讯作者: Kim HH