Scaling up Off-Grid Sanitation

扩大离网卫生设施

• 批准号: ES/T007877/1
• 负责人: Alison Parker
• 金额: $ 222.96万
• 依托单位: CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FT007877%2F1
• 关键词: Scaling; up; Off; Grid; Sanitation

To protect human health and the environment, sanitation systems must separate people from their excreta and treat it. This does not just involve technologies but other aspects like finance, government policies and human behaviours must be considered. Sewers and wastewater treatment plants can assist in providing safe sanitation, but they are expensive and challenging to build, particularly in dense urban areas or where people do not own the land that they live on. In fact, only 45% of the world's urban population have safely managed sanitation; that is where human waste is treated before disposal. Many of these people are instead using off-grid options for sanitation, such as pit latrines and septic tanks. These are physically difficult to empty, especially in areas of high population density, on steep slopes or with a high water table, and pose significant health hazards. The collected waste is often dumped illegally, frequently into water sources. Off grid solutions can only manage waste safely if the waste collection, treatment and disposal is properly considered. This research will focus on an emerging off-grid sanitation option in the form of container-based sanitation (CBS) across four city contexts where the provision and regulation of CBS is done by different organisations. In Cap Haitien (Haiti), CBS is provided by an NGO, in Lima (Peru) it is provided by a private company, in Cape Town (South Africa) it is provided by the municipality and in Kakuma Refugee camp (Kenya) it is provided by a private company working with an NGO. A refugee camp is included as in the future, refugees driven by climate and other factors will make up a significant proportion of the world's urban population.Interviews will be conducted with the staff working for the CBS provider as well as other organisations that they work closely with, e.g., local government, water utilities and regulators. To capture the feelings and opinions of the people using the CBS toilets, as well as people using other off-grid sanitation options like pit latrines, a novel smartphone data collection will be used. Participants will complete a short survey several times a week to capture aspects of their mental well-being.In addition, the data collected will reveal whether current regulations and policies support CBS and whether CBS increases disparities or decreases them. For example, does CBS without a permanent infrastructure make users feel more vulnerable to eviction, and is the collection of the containers a burden? Or does it give access to people who would not otherwise be able to use a toilet?The project will also look at the links with other sectors, specifically waste, energy, transport and solid waste, as if CBS coverage is increased these services will be impacted. For example CBS relies on road transport and cause additional traffic. But the use of CBS stops the disposal of waste into rivers so water supplies are cleaner.Lessons from the project will be shared with other cities who are thinking about implementing CBS, and with other sectors who are working out how they might deliver their services "off-grid". Co-I's have been identified that have expertise beyond sanitation in urban services, and results will be linked and presented at the GCRF Urban Risk Resilience Hub to look more broadly at lessons for off-grid cities.

为了保护人类健康和环境，卫生系统必须将人与其排泄物分开并加以处理，这不仅涉及技术，还必须考虑到财政、政府政策和人类行为等其他方面。下水道和污水处理厂可以帮助提供安全的卫生设施，但它们的建设成本高昂，而且具有挑战性，特别是在人口密集的城市地区或人们没有自己居住的土地的地方。事实上，世界上只有45%的城市人口拥有安全管理的卫生设施;这就是人类废物在处置前进行处理的地方。这些人中的许多人转而使用离网的卫生设施，如坑式厕所和化粪池。这些设施很难排空，特别是在人口密度高、斜坡陡峭或地下水位高的地区，并对健康构成重大危害。收集到的废物往往被非法倾倒，经常倾倒在水源中。离网解决方案只有在适当考虑废物收集、处理和处置的情况下才能安全地管理废物。这项研究将集中在一个新兴的离网卫生选择的形式，基于集装箱的卫生设施（CBS）在四个城市的情况下，CBS的规定和监管是由不同的组织。在Cap Haitien（海地），CBS由一个非政府组织提供，在Lima（秘鲁）由一家私营公司提供，在开普敦（南非）由市政当局提供，在Kakuma难民营（肯尼亚）由一家与非政府组织合作的私营公司提供。在未来，受气候和其他因素影响的难民将占世界城市人口的很大比例。我们将与CBS提供商的工作人员以及与他们密切合作的其他组织进行采访，例如，地方政府、水务公司和监管机构。为了捕捉使用CBS厕所的人的感受和意见，以及使用其他离网卫生设施的人，如坑式厕所，将使用一种新颖的智能手机数据收集。参与者将每周完成几次简短的调查，以了解他们的心理健康状况。此外，收集的数据将揭示当前的法规和政策是否支持CBS，以及CBS是否会增加或减少差异。例如，没有永久基础设施的CBS是否会使用户感到更容易被驱逐，容器的收集是否是一种负担？或者，它是否让那些本来无法使用厕所的人能够使用？该项目还将研究与其他部门的联系，特别是废物，能源，运输和固体废物，因为如果CBS覆盖面增加，这些服务将受到影响。例如，CBS依赖公路运输，造成额外的交通。但是，CBS的使用阻止了向河流中排放废物，因此供水更加清洁。该项目的经验教训将与其他正在考虑实施CBS的城市以及正在研究如何“离网”提供服务的其他部门分享。已经确定了在城市服务方面拥有卫生设施以外专门知识的协调员，其结果将被链接并提交给全球气候基金城市风险抵御中心，以更广泛地了解离网城市的经验教训。

项目成果

Model ensembles of ecosystem services fill global certainty and capacity gaps.

生态系统服务的模型集合填补了全球确定性和容量差距。

• DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5492
• 发表时间: 2023-04-07
• 期刊: SCIENCE ADVANCES
• 影响因子: 13.6
• 作者: Willcock, Simon;Hooftman, Danny A. P.;Neugarten, Rachel A.;Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca;Barredo, Jose I.;Hickler, Thomas;Kindermann, Georg;Lewis, Amy R.;Lindeskog, Mats;Martinez-Lopez, Javier;Bullock, James M.
• 通讯作者: Bullock, James M.

Nature provides valuable sanitation services

大自然提供了宝贵的卫生服务

• DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.003
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: One Earth
• 影响因子: 16.2
• 作者: Willcock S

An evaluation of different provision strategies for scaled-up container-based sanitation

• DOI: 10.2166/h2oj.2021.112
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: H2Open Journal
• 影响因子: 2.1
• 作者: Charlie Ferguson;Adrian Mallory;P. Hutchings;Claire Remington;Erica Lloyd;Domenic Kiogora;Fiona Anciano

A qualitative study on resource barriers facing scaled container-based sanitation service chains

规模化集装箱环卫服务链面临的资源障碍定性研究

• DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.218
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
• 作者: Ferguson C

Place attachment and perception of climate change as a threat in rural and urban areas.

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290354
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: PloS one
• 影响因子: 3.7