Rodents and bats as reservoirs of zoonoses: ecological and social determinants of human disease risk in Kenya

啮齿动物和蝙蝠是人畜共患疾病的宿主：肯尼亚人类疾病风险的生态和社会决定因素

• 批准号: G0902417/1
• 负责人: Sarah Cleaveland
• 金额: $ 6.24万
• 依托单位: University of Glasgow
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=G0902417%2F1
• 关键词: Rodents; bats; reservoirs; zoonoses; ecological

Recent decades have seen a growing number of dangerous diseases spreading to humans from animal populations. Nearly two-thirds of new human diseases recognized in the past three decades originally came from animals, and two types of animals ? rodents and bats ? are responsible for a disproportionately large percentage of these. Scientists are still trying to understand how these diseases behave in their natural hosts, and what causes them to spill over into human populations, with often fatal consequences. Addressing these complex questions calls for new approaches to research, and particularly for the creation of new partnerships between scientists in different fields. Under the new paradigm, doctors must work closely with veterinarians; these allied health professionals must in turn engage with wildlife ecologists, environmental scientists, and those studying human behaviour, to create novel, effective partnerships that will enable us to predict and, importantly, prevent future disease outbreaks.For the first time in human history, more of us now live in cities than in the countryside, and this number is still growing rapidly. More and more, cities will become the new battleground where the war against emerging diseases will be fought. Nowhere is this more true than in the slums of the third world, where nearly a third of the world?s population already live in overcrowded conditions, with inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and health services. Certain species of rodents and bats are adapted to this human environment, living in houses, stores, sewers and gardens, and exchanging pathogens through excreta, parasites (fleas, mites and ticks), or direct contact, including bites. In our increasingly connected world, a new human disease which emerges from such an environment has the capacity to spread rapidly across the globe, an event we have already witnessed with the emergence of SARS from bats in south-east Asia. This project, led by the University of Glasgow with partners in Kenya, UK and USA, aims to bring together scientists from different backgrounds, ranging from human and animal health to history and social science. Their aim will be to help understand when and why human diseases emerge from animal hosts, and what can be done to prevent future outbreaks. The strength of the project lies in the creation of new, effective partnerships to address emerging disease threats, under the new paradigm of ?One World, One Health?.

近几十年来，越来越多的危险疾病从动物种群传播到人类。在过去的三十年里，近三分之二的人类新疾病最初来自动物，而两种动物？啮齿动物和蝙蝠？对其中不成比例的大比例负有责任。科学家们仍在试图了解这些疾病在它们的自然宿主中是如何表现的，以及是什么原因导致它们蔓延到人类群体，往往会带来致命的后果。解决这些复杂的问题需要新的研究方法，特别是在不同领域的科学家之间建立新的伙伴关系。在新的模式下，医生必须与兽医密切合作；这些联合的卫生专业人员必须反过来与野生动物生态学家、环境科学家和研究人类行为的人接触，建立新的、有效的合作伙伴关系，使我们能够预测并预防未来的疾病爆发。在人类历史上，我们中第一次有更多的人居住在城市而不是农村，而且这个数字仍在快速增长。城市将越来越多地成为抗击新发疾病的新战场。在占世界近三分之一的第三世界贫民窟，这一点尤为明显。S的人口已经生活在过度拥挤的条件下，没有足够的机会获得安全饮用水、卫生设施和医疗服务。某些种类的啮齿动物和蝙蝠适应这种人类环境，生活在房屋、商店、下水道和花园中，并通过排泄物、寄生虫(跳蚤、螨虫和扁虱)或直接接触(包括叮咬)交换病原体。在我们日益相互联系的世界中，从这样的环境中出现的一种新的人类疾病有能力在全球迅速传播，我们已经目睹了东南亚蝙蝠出现SARS的事件。该项目由格拉斯哥大学牵头，与肯尼亚、英国和美国的合作伙伴合作，旨在将来自不同背景的科学家聚集在一起，从人类和动物健康到历史和社会科学。他们的目的将是帮助了解动物宿主何时以及为什么会出现人类疾病，以及可以采取什么措施来防止未来的疫情爆发。该项目的优势在于，在“同一个世界，同一个卫生”的新范式下，建立新的、有效的伙伴关系，以应对新出现的疾病威胁。