Integrating participatory approaches and traditional models to strengthen One Health responses to zoonotic diseases in India's changing environments

在动物和人类之间传播的人畜共患病原体，如利什曼病、尼帕病毒和基孔肯雅病毒，是全球60%新出现的传染病事件的原因，对热带资源匮乏地区的人们造成了不成比例的影响。除了损害人类和动物健康，人畜共患疾病还损害生计和经济，例如，阻止小农户通过增加畜牧业生产而脱贫。随着环境和社会的迅速变化，人畜共患疾病的影响在全球范围内不断增加和转移。我们缺乏关于这些病原体如何在野生动物、牲畜(以及可能的昆虫和扁虱媒介)和人之间传播的知识，以及人们在使用景观时如何暴露，这使得我们很难从影响的角度理解这些变化，并在许多当地环境中制定有效的疾病控制策略。对人畜共患疾病的有效管理和了解需要来自动物健康、人类健康、农业和环境部门的政策制定者和管理者的合作，从国家和国际决策者到地区管理人员，他们都与疾病系统互动，这是全球一个健康倡议所倡导的，该倡议承认“人类健康、野生动物和家畜健康与环境之间的相互联系”。监测、决策和政策需要更好地跨部门整合，而导致信息学支持管理决策的研究，如地图和预报，必须由当地疾病管理人员和政策制定者的知识、优先事项和需求提供信息。此外，影响贫困社区的被忽视的地方性病原体需要在政策框架和监测系统中得到更好的体现。该项目将印度作为地方性和新出现的人畜共患病和小农户牲畜社区的主要全球热点，并将公共和动物卫生、生态学、流行病学和社会科学专家组成的利益攸关方网络聚集在一起，旨在通过更好地了解跨部门监测、知识、研究和模式之间的联系，并改进支持干预的现有信息系统，来减少人畜共患病对健康、福利和生计的影响。支持这些改进的研究将包括：(1)绘制每个部门的主要利益攸关方的地图，它们的优先事项和决策支持工具的需求(2)确定监测数据、知识和技能存在的地方，并可在各部门更好地利用它们来更好地了解和管理人畜共患病(3)全面了解可能导致疾病影响的潜在社会生态驱动因素(4)在模型中解释疾病影响的地理模式，以区分导致疾病的社会、气候和景观因素以及个案研究疾病的背景，进而预测干预措施的结果(5)加强研究能力，改进的决策支持工具将帮助疾病管理人员更好地针对风险最高的社区进行疫苗接种和沟通工作，并帮助农业和环境部门的管理人员了解，对于这些社区，疾病影响可能与环境变化的其他负面影响相吻合。与各部门的利益攸关方共同开发关于人畜共患疾病的研究和决策支持工具的项目平台和方法，考虑到它们的需要以及潜在的生态和社会进程，将在科学、政策和从业人员方面建立重大能力，以应对这些新出现的和地方性的全球威胁。

Zoonotic pathogens, that circulate between animals and humans, like the Leishmaniases, and Nipah and Chikungunya viruses, cause 60% of emerging infectious disease events worldwide and disproportionately affect people in tropical, resource-poor areas. Aside from impairing human and animal health, zoonotic diseases are detrimental to livelihoods and economies, for example, preventing small-holder farmers being lifted out of poverty by increasing livestock production. The impacts of zoonotic diseases are increasing and shifting globally, as the environment and societies undergo rapid change. Our lack of knowledge on how these pathogens circulate between wildlife, livestock (as well as possible insect and tick vectors) and people, and how people are exposed as they use the landscape makes it difficult to understand these changes in terms of impact, and to develop effective disease control strategies in many local settings. Effective management and understanding of zoonotic diseases requires cooperation of policy-makers and managers from across the animal health, human health, agriculture and environment sectors, from national and international decision-makers down to district managers that all interact with the disease system, as advocated by the global One Health initiative, that recognises the "interconnectedness of human health, wildlife and domestic animal health and the environment". Surveillance, decisions and policy need to be better integrated across sectors, and research that leads to informatics to support management decisions, like maps and forecasts must be informed by the knowledge, priorities and needs of local disease managers and policy makers. More-over, neglected endemic pathogens that affect poor communities need to be better represented in policy frameworks and surveillance systems.Focussing in India as a key global hotspot for endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases and small-holder livestock communities, and bringing together a network of stakeholders with experts in public and animal health, ecology, epidemiology and social science, this project aims to reduce health, welfare and livelihood impacts of zoonotic diseases by better understanding links between surveillance, knowledge, research and models across sectors and improving current information systems that support intervention. The research underpinning these improvements will include:(1) Mapping of key stakeholders in each sector, their priorities and needs for decision-support tools (2) Identifying where surveillance data, knowledge and skills exist and could be leveraged across sectors to better understand and manage zoonotic diseases(3) Understanding the full range of potential socio-ecological drivers that might cause disease impacts to increase (4) Interpreting geographical patterns in disease impacts in relation to environmental data within models to disentangle social, climate and landscape factors precipitating disease for case-study diseases and settings and, in turn, predicting outcomes of intervention(5) Building capacity in research, data analysis and cross-sectoral collaboration to underpin future One Health approaches in India.Improved decision-support tools will help disease managers to better target vaccination and communication efforts towards the communities that are most at risk and help managers in agriculture and environmental sectors to understand how, for these communities, disease impacts may coincide with other negative impacts of environmental change. The project platform and approach of co-developing research and decision support tools on zoonotic diseases with stakeholders across sectors, accounting for their needs and underlying ecological and social processes, will build significant capacity in science, policy and practitioners to respond to these emerging and endemic global threats.