Taking Earth's volcanic pulse: understanding global volcanic hazards by unlocking the ice core isotope archive

掌握地球火山脉搏：通过解锁冰芯同位素档案了解全球火山危害

• 批准号: MR/S033505/1
• 负责人: William Hutchison
• 金额: $ 59.64万
• 依托单位: University of St Andrews
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FS033505%2F1
• 关键词: Taking; Earth; volcanic; pulse; understanding

Explosive volcanic eruptions spew enormous quantities of ash and gas into the atmosphere. There are about 5-10 major volcanic events every year, and roughly 700 million people (10 % of the world's population) live close enough to be directly affected when they erupt. These eruptions may lead to significant human fatalities, and can also have devastating environmental impacts, covering the landscape in ash and acidic fallout, which destroys crops and harms livestock.Although most of us in the UK will never witness one of these eruptions up close they can still impact our lives. This was demonstrated by the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland in April and May 2010. Although the eruption was relatively minor and did not kill anyone, it disrupted the travel of millions of people and cost global economies billions of pounds. This emergency highlighted the vulnerability of our global trade and transport networks, and the fact that the UK is at constant threat from disruption by volcanic events. One of the key goals of volcanology is to study past volcanic events so that we can understand their return periods and environmental impacts, and help prepare society for the next 'big one'. Amazingly, the volcanic products from large explosive eruptions undergo regional and global distribution and can travel thousands of kilometres from their eruption source. However, in most surface environments this fine grained volcanic fallout is rapidly washed away and lost. Ice sheets are the expedition to this, and by drilling into the ice and extracting ice cores scientists can identify the sulphur-rich layers and ash deposited by these past eruptions. Although ice cores provide the undisputed best archive of past volcanism, interpreting this record is not straightforward. The main difficulties we face are understanding where the source volcano was located and what its climate impact might have been. Even in records that span the last 2500 years, we only know the location of 7 of the 25 largest volcanic eruptions. If scientists could learn how to extract more information about the likely source and environmental impacts of these eruptions from these records it would represent a major breakthrough. Not only would this help scientists target volcano monitoring in regions of the globe that are prone to large volcanic events, but by understanding the frequency and impacts of these past events we can prepare societies for future eruptions and reduce their economic impacts.My project will take advantage of recent analytical breakthroughs in ice core research. In particular, recent analyses suggest that volcanic sulphur chemistry encodes critical information about the height the volcanic plume reached in the atmosphere and the proximity of the eruptive source to the ice sheet. This method would therefore provide critical new information about where the volcano was located and its climate impact (since plumes injected higher into the atmosphere tend to cause the greatest global cooling). I will carefully interrogate these techniques for several well-known volcanic eruptions, where we already have good information on their source location, eruption style and climate impacts. Once calibrated, I will use this chemical fingerprinting technique to determine the eruptive style (plume height) and source location of all significant eruptions over the last 2000 years. Thus, this project will provide critical information about the magnitude, frequency and style of past eruptions which will be used to improve forecasts of future volcanic events. Being better prepared will help limit the loss of life and reduce the economic losses. For the UK, we'll gain a thorough understanding of the eruption frequency of large volcanic events in Iceland. For global society, we'll help pinpoint the source of past eruptions and evaluate the frequency of climate-changing eruptions on Earth.

爆炸性的火山喷发将大量的灰分和气体喷射到大气中。每年大约有5-10次重大火山活动，大约有7亿人（占世界人口的10％）的生活足够接近，以至于他们爆发时直接受到影响。这些爆发可能导致重大的人类死亡，也可能造成毁灭性的环境影响，涵盖灰烬和酸性后果的景观，这会破坏农作物并伤害牲畜。尽管我们大多数人在英国绝不会亲眼目睹这些爆发之一，他们仍然会影响我们的生活。 Eyjafjallajökull火山在2010年4月和2010年5月在冰岛的火山喷发证明了这一点。尽管喷发相对较小，但没有杀死任何人，但它破坏了数百万人的旅行，并使全球经济的旅行造成了数十亿英镑的损失。火山学的主要目标之一是研究过去的火山事件，以便我们可以理解它们的回流和环境影响，并帮助社会为下一个“大型人”做好准备。令人惊讶的是，来自大型爆炸性喷发的火山产品经历了区域和全球分布，并且可以从其喷发来源旅行数千公里。但是，在大多数表面环境中，这种细粒度的火山辐射迅速被冲走并丢失。冰盖是对此的探险，通过钻入冰块并提取冰芯，科学家可以识别出这些过去喷发沉积的富含硫的层和灰烬。尽管冰芯提供了过去火山的无可争议的最佳档案，但解释这一记录并不简单。我们面临的主要困难是了解源火山的位置以及其气候影响可能是什么。即使在过去2500年的记录中，我们也只知道25个最大火山喷发中的7个位置。如果科学家可以学习如何从这些记录中提取有关这些爆发的可能来源和环境影响的更多信息，那将代表一个重大突破。这不仅可以帮助科学家针对面临大型火山事件的全球地区的火山监测，而且通过了解过去事件的频率和影响，我们可以为社会做好准备以进行未来的爆发并减少其经济影响。我的项目将利用冰核心研究中最近的分析突破。特别是，最近的分析表明，火山硫化学编码有关火山羽流在大气中的高度以及喷发源与冰盖的距离的关键信息。因此，该方法将提供有关火山在何处的气候影响的关键新信息（因为向大气中注入更高的羽流往往会导致全球最大的冷却）。我将仔细询问这些技术，以供几次著名的火山喷发，在那里我们已经有关于它们的来源位置，喷发风格和气候影响的良好信息。经过校准后，我将使用这种化学指纹技术来确定过去2000年中所有重大喷发的喷发样式（羽高度）和源位置。这是该项目将提供有关过去喷发的大小，频率和风格的关键信息，这些信息将用于改善未来火山事件的森林。做好准备将有助于限制生命损失并减少经济损失。对于英国，我们将对冰岛大型火山事件的喷发频率进行彻底了解。对于全球社会，我们将帮助确定过去喷发的来源，并评估地球上改变气候的爆发的频率。

项目成果

The sulfur isotope evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids: insights into ore-forming processes

• DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.042
• 发表时间: 2020-11-01
• 期刊: GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Hutchison, William;Finch, Adrian A.;Boyce, Adrian J.
• 通讯作者: Boyce, Adrian J.

Gas Emissions and Subsurface Architecture of Fault-Controlled Geothermal Systems: A Case Study of the North Abaya Geothermal Area

断层控制的地热系统的气体排放和地下结构：北阿巴亚地热区的案例研究

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gc010822
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
• 作者: Hutchison W

Volcanic activity and hazard in the East African Rift Zone.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27166-y
• 发表时间: 2021-11-25
• 期刊: Nature communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Biggs J;Ayele A;Fischer TP;Fontijn K;Hutchison W;Kazimoto E;Whaler K;Wright TJ
• 通讯作者: Wright TJ

Sulphur isotopes of alkaline magmas unlock long-term records of crustal recycling on Earth

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12218-1
• 发表时间: 2019-09
• 期刊: Nature Communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: W. Hutchison;Rainer J. Babiel;A. Finch;M. Marks;G. Markl;A. Boyce;E. Stüeken;H. Friis;A. Borst;N. Horsburgh

High sensitivity of summer temperatures to stratospheric sulfur loading from volcanoes in the Northern Hemisphere

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221810120
• 发表时间: 2023-11-06
• 期刊: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• 影响因子: 11.1
• 作者: Burke, Andrea;Innes, Helen M.;Crick, Laura;Anchukaitis, Kevin J.;Byrne, Michael P.;Hutchison, William;McConnell, Joseph R.;Moore, Kathryn A.;Rae, James W. B.;Sigl, Michael;Wilson, Rob
• 通讯作者: Wilson, Rob