Decrypting the genetic architecture of heart failure imaging signatures through machine learning in large-scale genome-wide association studies

心力衰竭是一种常见的医学状况，在这种情况下，心脏不能有效地将血液输送到全身。它经常会导致残疾症状和过早死亡。通过成像检测心脏结构和功能的异常变化有助于心力衰竭的诊断，并可以预测不良结局。遗传学决定心脏结构和功能的变异，这与家族性研究中的遗传力评估相一致。之前对心脏结构和功能的遗传影响的研究集中在传统的心脏测量上，如心脏大小或总体泵功能，在数量相对较少的主要是欧洲人(白人)的个体中。这些研究发现了有限数量的遗传位点(基因组中的区域)，可以解释种群中观察到的一小部分遗传性。这项研究将汇集最大的数据集之一，其中包含心脏成像、心电图(ECG，一种检查心率的简单测试)、详细的生活方式信息和多达88.8万名不同种族背景的人的健康结果。这个庞大的数据集将允许开发可靠的人工智能(AI)技术，以自动从成像和心电图中提取或估计心脏测量数据。将开发传统的成像指标，如心腔容量和泵功能，以及更先进的指标，如心脏内的压力变化，这可能是心脏衰竭的更灵敏的标志。利用这些成像测量和个人基因数据，将进行计算实验，以发现遗传标记，这些标记可以提供有关心力衰竭的起源和原因的额外知识，并帮助开发某些类型的心力衰竭急需的新药。研究结果还将利用一种名为“孟德尔随机化”的技术，评估肥胖、高血压等心血管风险因素与心脏异常变化以及心力衰竭最终发展之间的因果关系。这些信息将有助于制定有针对性的公共卫生和预防战略。最后，利用遗传关联的数据，我们将为每个个体建立遗传风险评分，并测试它们是否能够预测心力衰竭的发展，并在不同种族之间表现良好。如果成功，这种方法将改变未来对心力衰竭的管理，允许医生对每个人的一生心力衰竭的易感性进行个性化评估，这反过来将允许早期诊断、量身定做的生活方式建议和先发制人的医疗。

Heart failure is a common medical condition in which the heart does not efficiently pump blood around the body. It frequently leads to disabling symptoms and early death. Detection of abnormal changes in the heart structure and function by imaging aids heart failure diagnosis and can predict poor outcomes. Genetics determine variation in the heart structure and function as supported by the heritability assessment in family studies. Prior research into the genetic influence of heart structure and function focused on conventional heart measurements such as the heart size or overall pump function in a relatively modest number of mostly European (White) individuals. These research studies found a limited number of genetic loci (regions in the genome) explaining a small proportion of observed heritability in a population. This study will assemble one of the largest datasets containing heart imaging, electrocardiogram (ECG, a simple test to check heart rhythm), detailed lifestyle information and health outcomes in up to 888,000 individuals with diverse racial backgrounds. The large dataset will permit the development of reliable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to automatically extract or estimate heart measurements from imaging and ECG. Conventional imaging metrics such as the volume of the heart chambers and the pump function as well as more advanced measures such as the pressure changes in the heart, which could be a more sensitive marker of a failing heart, will be developed. Using these imaging measurements along with individual genetic data, computational experiments will be carried out to discover the genetic markers which could provide additional knowledge on the origin and causes of HF and assist in the development of new medications which are urgently needed for certain types of heart failure. The results will also allow evaluation of the cause-and-effect relationships between cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and high blood pressure and abnormal changes in the heart and eventual development of heart failure using a technique called "Mendelian Randomisation". This information will help in crafting targeted public health and preventive strategies. Lastly, with the data on genetic associations, we will build the genetic risk scores for each individual and test if they can predict heart failure development and perform well across different ethnic groups. If successful, this approach will transform the future management of heart failure by allowing doctors to provide a personalised assessment of each person's lifetime susceptibility to heart failure which will in turn permit early diagnosis, tailored lifestyle advice and pre-emptive medical treatment.