Enabling The Development And Application Of Artificial Intelligence In The NHS

人工智能(AI)的前景人工智能(AI)是一个研究领域，它试图让计算机以我们认为是智能的方式行事--如果同样的行为在人类身上表现出来的话--例如，复制人类的认知技能，如解决问题。但人工智能除了模仿人类行为之外，还有巨大的潜力--它是一项基础技术，可以对人脑无法理解的数据进行有意义的处理。因此，人工智能在医疗保健方面的前景是明确的-它可以允许根据所有有关患者的已知信息，结合集体经验的教训，对每一项诊断和治疗进行个性化。通过简化工作流程，提供常规、非严重疾病的自动诊断，并允许从键盘中解放出来，人工智能最终还可以为医疗专业人员提供“时间的礼物”--为患者提供尽可能好的护理所真正需要的专门时间。我对这一奖学金的基本愿景将是推动人工智能医疗的发展和应用，在NHS和全球范围内，使用眼科作为其他医学专业的典范。培训和发展这一奖学金的续期将使我能够极大地提高我作为临床人工智能领导者的地位，巩固我为领导一个多学科研究小组、建立国际网络和推动创新而培养的领导能力和技术技能。续订SUPPORTFLF的案例将支持一系列相互关联的研究项目，这些项目涵盖了临床人工智能的广泛领域，包括“从想法到算法”和“从代码到临床”。我的团队早期工作的中心焦点将是我们最近为眼科开发的基础模型(“RETFound”)的缩放和验证。通过将训练中的图像从200万张增加到2000万张，我们将创建一个可以用于不太常见的视网膜疾病的模型，并且在不同的人口群体中表现良好。我的团队还将使用人工智能来了解更多关于最常见的威胁视力的视网膜疾病，如老年性黄斑变性(AMD)和糖尿病视网膜病变。我们将开发能够预测疾病进展、治疗负担和视觉结果的系统，以便更好地治疗和减少视力损失。我们还将继续探索新兴领域--利用人工智能来预测阿尔茨海默氏症、中风和心脏病等系统性疾病的未来发展。同时，我的团队将探索从我们早期的探索性工作中确定的最有希望的人工智能系统的临床验证和翻译。这将涉及对诊断准确性和临床安全性的评估，这与监管批准和随后提供卫生服务的要求密切相关。这项奖学金的潜在应用和BENEFITSRenewal将通过进一步开发眼科人工智能系统，使其开源或与行业合作伙伴合作，适当地探索商业化，从而使研究界受益。同时，更新将允许开发新的验证方法，无论是在硅胶中还是在临床研究中。通过创建基准数据集，它将帮助监管机构确保人工智能系统在现实世界中实施之前的安全性和有效性。最重要的是，这些系统最终将为患者提供直接的好处，使他们能够更好地诊断、治疗和监测眼病，以及潜在的系统性疾病筛查。最后，NHS将受益于减轻已经超负荷的医院眼科服务的压力，降低患者不必要地失明的风险。

THE PROMISE OF AI IN HEALTHCAREArtificial intelligence (AI) is a field of study which tries to get computers to behave in ways we would consider intelligent if those same behaviours were exhibited by humans - for example, the replication of human cognitive skills such as problem solving. But AI has huge potential beyond the mimicking of human behaviours - it is a fundamental technology that can allow meaningful processing of data beyond the comprehension of the human brain. The promise of AI for healthcare is thus clear - it could allow every diagnosis and treatment to be personalized on the basis of all known information about a patient, incorporating lessons from collective experience. By streamlining workflows, providing automated diagnosis of routine, non-serious conditions, and by allowing liberation from keyboards, AI could ultimately also provide healthcare professionals the "gift of time" - the dedicated time really required to provide the best possible care for patients.OBJECTIVEMuch of the recent progress in the application of AI to healthcare has come in the evaluation of eye disease. My fundamental vision for this fellowship will be to drive the development and application of AI-enabled healthcare, both in the NHS and globally, using ophthalmology as an exemplar for other medical specialties.TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENTRenewal of this fellowship will allow me to greatly enhance my standing as a leader in clinical AI, consolidating the leadership and technical skills I have developed to lead a multi-disciplinary research group, establish international networks, and drive innovation. CASE FOR SUPPORTFLF renewal will support a portfolio of interlinked research projects that cover the broad spectrum of clinical AI, going "from idea to algorithm" and "from code to clinic". A central focus of my team's early stage work will be on the scaling and validation of a foundation model ("RETFound'') that we have recently developed for ophthalmology. By going from 2 million to 20 million images in training, we will create a model which can be used in less common retinal diseases and which performs well across different demographic groups. My team will also use AI to learn more about the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We will develop systems that can predict disease progression, treatment burden, and visual outcomes, allowing better treatment and reducing sight loss. We will also continue to explore the emerging field of "oculomics" - using AI in an attempt to predict the future development of systemic diseases such as Alzheimer's, stroke, and heart attack. In parallel, my team will explore the clinical validation and translation of the most promising AI systems identified from our early stage exploratory work. This will involve evaluations of diagnostic accuracy and clinical safety, closely linked with requirements for regulatory approval and subsequent health services delivery. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITSRenewal of this fellowship will benefit the research community through the further development of AI systems in ophthalmology, making them open source or working with industry partners to explore commercialisation as appropriate. In tandem, renewal will allow development of new approaches to validation, both in-silico and in clinical studies. Through the creation of benchmark datasets, it will assist regulators to ensure the safety and effectiveness of AI systems before they are implemented in the real world. Most importantly, these systems will ultimately provide direct benefits for patients with better diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of eye disease, as well as potential screening for systemic disease. Finally, the NHS will benefit by reducing pressures on already over-stretched hospital eye services, reducing the risk of patients losing vision unnecessarily.