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Species sensitivity and community structure: an integrated approach to understanding how one affects the other

物种敏感性和群落结构：一种了解一个物种如何影响另一个物种的综合方法

基本信息

批准号：
NE/F014546/1
负责人：
Michael Pocock
金额：
$ 31.87万
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2009 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FF014546%2F1
关键词：
Species sensitivity community structure integrated

项目摘要

There is, quite rightly, much concern expressed over the future of animal and plant species; for example the decline in farmland birds or the increasing rarity of many plants and insects. However, each species does not exist in isolation. Instead, one species interacts with other species, and those species, in turn, interact with yet others and so they form highly complex ecological networks, such as food webs. Usually studies are focussed on either species or whole networks, but I will take an integrated approach by considering both, for example, by examining the biology and sensitivity of species in the context of their place in ecological networks (how well connected they are into the network). I will address this in asking the following questions: (1) are the species that are least well connected into networks those that are most sensitive to changes to the environment, such as habitat fragmentation?, and (2) are the least well connected species the most likely to be rare and declining? However, changes in the abundance of species and how well connected they are in networks in turn affect the structure of whole networks. Therefore knowing the identity of individual species in the networks will help us to understand ecological networks better, even though in many previous studies species' identity has not been considered. In this study I will investigate ecological networks in woodland patches. Woodland used to cover most of Britain, but the patches I will study are the fragments that remain, and they vary both in their size and how close they are to other patches. I will simultaneously study two different ecological networks in these woodland patches: one is the network of flowers and the insects that visit and pollinate them, and the other is the network of plants, aphids and aphid predators. I will measure how well connected each species is in a network and relate this to (1) its sensitivity to woodland fragmentation, (2) its national rarity and decline and (3) biological characteristics of the species, such as how long it lives, how quickly it reproduces, or how mobile it is. I will also ask how habitat fragmentation affects whole networks and whether it makes them less resilient to the extinction of species. Hoverflies feature in both these networks since adults are flower visitors and the larvae of many species feed on aphids. Therefore I will ask whether a larva that is well connected into its food web gives rise to an adult that is well connected into its plant-pollinator network. The two networks will be linked through their shared species (hoverflies and plants) raising the possibility of extinction 'vortices' in the networks, where the loss of one species causes the loss of others that are dependent on it, and the loss of yet more species dependent on those, and so on cycling through the two linked networks. Often studies examining the effects of environmental change on biodiversity consider only individual species or whole networks. By taking an integrated approach I will provide a novel understanding of how species and ecological networks influence each other to affect biodiversity as a whole.

人们对动植物物种的未来表示了极大的担忧，这是非常正确的；例如，农田鸟类的减少或许多植物和昆虫的日益稀有。然而，每个物种并不是孤立存在的。相反，一个物种与其他物种相互作用，而这些物种又与其他物种相互作用，因此它们形成了高度复杂的生态网络，如食物网。通常研究的重点是物种或整个网络，但我将采取综合的方法，考虑两者，例如，通过检查物种在生态网络中所处位置(它们与网络的连接程度)的生物学和敏感性。我将通过提出以下问题来解决这个问题：(1)与网络连接最少的物种是不是对环境变化(如栖息地碎片化)最敏感？(2)连接最不紧密的物种是否最有可能稀有和衰落？然而，物种丰富度的变化以及它们在网络中的连接程度反过来又会影响整个网络的结构。因此，了解网络中个体物种的身份将有助于我们更好地理解生态网络，尽管在以前的许多研究中没有考虑物种的身份。在这项研究中，我将调查林地斑块的生态网络。林地过去覆盖了英国的大部分地区，但我将研究的斑块是剩余的碎片，它们的大小和距离其他斑块的距离都不同。我将同时研究这些林地斑块中的两个不同的生态网络：一个是花卉和访问它们并为其授粉的昆虫的网络，另一个是植物、蚜虫和捕食者的网络。我将衡量每个物种在网络中的联系有多好，并将其与(1)它对林地碎片化的敏感性，(2)它在全国范围内的稀有和衰落，以及(3)物种的生物学特征，如它的寿命、繁殖速度或移动性等联系在一起。我还将询问栖息地碎片化如何影响整个网络，以及它是否会降低它们对物种灭绝的适应能力。飞蝇在这两个网络中都有特色，因为成虫是访花的，许多物种的幼虫以蚜虫为食。因此，我会问，一只与其食物网连接良好的幼虫是否会成长为与其植物传粉者网络连接良好的成虫。这两个网络将通过它们共享的物种(飞蝇和植物)联系在一起，这增加了网络中灭绝“漩涡”的可能性，其中一个物种的丧失会导致其他依赖它的物种的丧失，以及更多依赖于这些物种的物种的丧失，以此类推，在两个链接的网络中循环。考察环境变化对生物多样性影响的研究往往只考虑单个物种或整个网络。通过采取一种综合的方法，我将对物种和生态网络如何相互影响从而影响整个生物多样性提供一个新的理解。