AGING, COGNITION AND CONTEXT EFFECTS IN SELF REPORTS

自我报告中的老龄化、认知和背景影响

• 批准号: 6137049
• 负责人: Norbert Werner Schwarz
• 金额: $ 24.82万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-01-01 至 2001-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6137049
• 关键词: age difference; aging; attitude; behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cognition; health surveys; human old age (65+); human subject; interview; mathematical model; neural information processing; performance; population survey; public opinion; questionnaires; self concept; short term memory; social psychology; young adult human (21-34)

This proposal addresses the emergence of age-sensitive context effects in self-reports of opinions and behaviors and proposes experiments aimed at identifying the underlying cognitive processes. Preliminary analyses of survey data show that older adults are more likely to be influenced by the order with which response alternatives are presented within a question than younger adults ("response order effects"), but less likely to be influenced by the content of preceding questions ("question order effects"). In both cases, the age-sensitivity of the emerging context effects may lead to erroneous substantive conclusions about age differences in opinion and behavior, depending on features of the questionnaire. To avoid misinterpretations of methods effects as substantive effects, one needs to understand their age-sensitivity. Drawing on relevant theorizing in cognitive aging, social cognition, and survey methodology, the age-sensitivity of context effects in self- reports is traced to age-dependent differences in cognitive resources and a set of complex predictions is specified. These predictions are tested in laboratory experiments and an experimental survey. Combining an experimental and an individual difference approach to cognitive functioning, experiments 1-6 address the age-sensitivity of response order effects and experiments 7-12 the age-sensitivity of question order effects, cognitive resource is assessed through a number of individual difference measures as well as manipulated. For the final year, an experimental survey is proposed to assess the stability of the laboratory results under regular survey conditions.

这一建议解决了年龄敏感的背景效应的出现 在自我报告的意见和行为，并提出实验，旨在 识别潜在的认知过程。 初步分析 的调查数据显示，老年人更容易受到影响， 根据响应选项在 问题比年轻的成年人（“反应顺序效应”），但可能性较小 受前面问题内容的影响（“问题顺序 效果”）。 在这两种情况下，新兴背景的年龄敏感性 影响可能导致关于年龄的错误的实质性结论 意见和行为的差异，这取决于 问卷 为了避免对方法效果的误解， 要想获得实质性的效果，人们需要了解它们的年龄敏感性。 借鉴认知老化、社会认知和 调查方法，年龄敏感性的背景效应，在自我 报告追溯到认知资源的年龄依赖性差异， 指定一组复杂预测。 这些预测得到了验证 在实验室实验和实验调查中。 相结合 实验和个体差异的认知方法 功能，实验1-6解决响应的年龄敏感性 顺序效应与实验7-12提问顺序的年龄敏感性 影响，认知资源通过许多个人进行评估 不同的措施，以及操纵。 去年，一 提出了一种评价实验室稳定性的实验方法 在常规调查条件下。