AGING, COGNITION AND CONTEXT EFFECTS IN SELF REPORTS

自我报告中的老龄化、认知和背景影响

• 批准号: 2855837
• 负责人: Norbert Werner Schwarz
• 金额: $ 22.65万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-01-01 至 2000-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2855837
• 关键词: age difference; aging; attitude; behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cognition; health surveys; human old age (65+); human subject; interview; mathematical model; neural information processing; performance; population survey; public opinion; questionnaires; self concept; short term memory; social psychology; young adult human (21-34)

This proposal addresses the emergence of age-sensitive context effects in self-reports of opinions and behaviors and proposes experiments aimed at identifying the underlying cognitive processes. Preliminary analyses of survey data show that older adults are more likely to be influenced by the order with which response alternatives are presented within a question than younger adults ("response order effects"), but less likely to be influenced by the content of preceding questions ("question order effects"). In both cases, the age-sensitivity of the emerging context effects may lead to erroneous substantive conclusions about age differences in opinion and behavior, depending on features of the questionnaire. To avoid misinterpretations of methods effects as substantive effects, one needs to understand their age-sensitivity. Drawing on relevant theorizing in cognitive aging, social cognition, and survey methodology, the age-sensitivity of context effects in self- reports is traced to age-dependent differences in cognitive resources and a set of complex predictions is specified. These predictions are tested in laboratory experiments and an experimental survey. Combining an experimental and an individual difference approach to cognitive functioning, experiments 1-6 address the age-sensitivity of response order effects and experiments 7-12 the age-sensitivity of question order effects, cognitive resource is assessed through a number of individual difference measures as well as manipulated. For the final year, an experimental survey is proposed to assess the stability of the laboratory results under regular survey conditions.

这项建议涉及对年龄敏感的上下文影响的出现 在自我报告意见和行为中，并提出有针对性的实验 识别潜在的认知过程。初步分析 的调查数据显示，老年人更有可能受到影响 按响应备选方案在 比年轻人更容易提出问题(“反应顺序效应”)，但不太可能 受前面问题的内容影响(“问题顺序 在这两种情况下，新出现的背景对年龄的敏感性 影响可能导致关于年龄的错误的实质性结论 意见和行为的不同，取决于 问卷调查。为了避免将方法效果误解为 对于实质性影响，人们需要了解它们对年龄的敏感性。 借鉴认知老化、社会认知的相关理论 自我情境效应的年龄敏感度研究 报告可追溯到认知资源与年龄相关的差异 指定了一组复杂的预测。这些预测得到了检验。 在实验室实验和实验测量中。将一个 认知的实验性和个体差异性方法 功能，实验1-6解决了反应的年龄敏感性 顺序效应与实验7-12问题顺序的年龄敏感性 影响，认知资源是通过一些个体来评估的 差异既是衡量也是被操纵。在最后一年，一个 建议进行实验测量以评估实验室的稳定性 在常规调查条件下的结果。